协议(Protocols)为方法,属性和其他需求功能提供了蓝图。 它为方法或属性骨架而不是实现。 通过定义类,函数和枚举,可以进一步完成方法和属性的实现。 协议的一致性满足了协议要求的方法或属性。
语法
协议也遵循与类,结构和枚举类似的语法 -
protocol SomeProtocol { // protocol definition }
协议在类,结构或枚举类型名称之后声明。 单个和多个协议声明也是可以的。 如果定义了多个协议,则必须用逗号分隔。
struct SomeStructure: Protocol1, Protocol2 { // structure definition }
当要为超类定义协议时,协议名称应使用逗号跟随超类名称。
class SomeClass: SomeSuperclass, Protocol1, Protocol2 { // class definition }
协议用于指定特定的类类型属性或实例属性。 它只是单独指定类型或实例属性,而不是指定它是存储属性还是计算属性。 此外,它还用于指定属性是gettable
或settable
。
属性需求由var
关键字声明为属性变量。 {get/set}
用于在类型声明后声明gettable
和settable
属性。参考以下一个示例代码 -
protocol classa { var marks: Int { get set } var result: Bool { get } func attendance() -> String func markssecured() -> String } protocol classb: classa { var present: Bool { get set } var subject: String { get set } var stname: String { get set } } class classc: classb { var marks = 96 let result = true var present = false var subject = "Swift 4 Protocols" var stname = "Protocols" func attendance() -> String { return "The \(stname) has secured 99% attendance" } func markssecured() -> String { return "\(stname) has scored \(marks)" } } let studdet = classc() studdet.stname = "Swift 4" studdet.marks = 98 studdet.markssecured() print(studdet.marks) print(studdet.result) print(studdet.present) print(studdet.subject) print(studdet.stname)
当使用playground 运行上述程序时,得到以下结果 -
98 true false Swift 4 Protocols Swift 4
protocol daysofaweek { mutating func print() } enum days: daysofaweek { case sun, mon, tue, wed, thurs, fri, sat mutating func print() { switch self { case sun: self = sun print("Sunday") case mon: self = mon print("Monday") case tue: self = tue print("Tuesday") case wed: self = wed print("Wednesday") case mon: self = thurs print("Thursday") case tue: self = fri print("Friday") case sat: self = sat print("Saturday") default: print("NO Such Day") } } } var res = days.wed res.print()
当使用playground 运行上述程序时,得到以下结果 -
Wednesday
Swing允许用户初始化协议以遵循类似于普通初始化器的类型一致性。
语法
protocol SomeProtocol { init(someParameter: Int) }
示例
protocol tcpprotocol { init(aprot: Int) }
指定或便捷初始化器允许用户初始化协议以使其标准符合保留的required
关键字。
class SomeClass: SomeProtocol { required init(someParameter: Int) { // initializer implementation statements } } protocol tcpprotocol { init(aprot: Int) } class tcpClass: tcpprotocol { required init(aprot: Int) { } }
当使用playground 运行上述程序时,得到以下结果 -
Wednesday
通过required
修饰符确保所有子类的协议一致性,用于显式或继承实现。当子类重写其超类初始化要求时,由override
修饰符关键字指定。
protocol tcpprotocol { init(no1: Int) } class mainClass { var no1: Int // local storage init(no1: Int) { self.no1 = no1 // initialization } } class subClass: mainClass, tcpprotocol { var no2: Int init(no1: Int, no2 : Int) { self.no2 = no2 super.init(no1:no1) } // Requires only one parameter for convenient method required override convenience init(no1: Int) { self.init(no1:no1, no2:0) } } let res = mainClass(no1: 20) let print = subClass(no1: 30, no2: 50) print("res is: \(res.no1)") print("res is: \(print.no1)") print("res is: \(print.no2)")
当使用playground 运行上述程序时,得到以下结果 -
res is: 20 res is: 30 res is: 50
它们不是在协议中实现功能,而是用作函数,类,方法等的类型。协议可以作为以下类型访问 -
示例代码
protocol Generator { typealias members func next() -> members? } var items = [10,20,30].generate() while let x = items.next() { print(x) } for lists in map([1,2,3], {i in i*5}) { print(lists) } print([100,200,300]) print(map([1,2,3], {i in i*10}))
当使用playground 运行上述程序时,得到以下结果 -
10 20 30 5 10 15 [100, 200, 300] [10, 20, 30]
通过使用扩展,可以采用现有类型并使其符合新协议。 借助扩展,可以将新属性,方法和下标添加到现有类型中。
示例代码
protocol AgeClasificationProtocol { var age: Int { get } func agetype() -> String } class Person { let firstname: String let lastname: String var age: Int init(firstname: String, lastname: String) { self.firstname = firstname self.lastname = lastname self.age = 10 } } extension Person : AgeClasificationProtocol { func fullname() -> String { var c: String c = firstname + " " + lastname return c } func agetype() -> String { switch age { case 0...2: return "Baby" case 2...12: return "Child" case 13...19: return "Teenager" case let x where x > 65: return "Elderly" default: return "Normal" } } }
Swift 4允许协议从其定义的属性继承属性。它类似于类继承,但可以选择列出用逗号分隔的多个继承协议。
protocol classa { var no1: Int { get set } func calc(sum: Int) } protocol result { func print(target: classa) } class student2: result { func print(target: classa) { target.calc(sum: 1) } } class classb: result { func print(target: classa) { target.calc(sum: 5) } } class student: classa { var no1: Int = 10 func calc(sum: Int) { no1 -= sum print("Student attempted \(sum) times to pass") if no1 <= 0 { print("Student is absent for exam") } } } class Player { var stmark: result! init(stmark: result) { self.stmark = stmark } func print(target: classa) { stmark.print(target: target) } } var marks = Player(stmark: student2()) var marksec = student() marks.print(target: marksec) marks.print(target: marksec) marks.print(target: marksec) marks.stmark = classb() marks.print(target: marksec) marks.print(target: marksec) marks.print(target: marksec)
当使用playground 运行上述程序时,得到以下结果 -
Student attempted 1 times to pass Student attempted 1 times to pass Student attempted 1 times to pass Student attempted 5 times to pass Student attempted 5 times to pass Student is absent for exam Student attempted 5 times to pass Student is absent for exam
当定义协议并且用户想要用类定义协议时,应该首先定义类,然后是协议的继承列表来添加协议。
protocol tcpprotocol { init(no1: Int) } class mainClass { var no1: Int // local storage init(no1: Int) { self.no1 = no1 // initialization } } class subClass: mainClass, tcpprotocol { var no2: Int init(no1: Int, no2 : Int) { self.no2 = no2 super.init(no1:no1) } // Requires only one parameter for convenient method required override convenience init(no1: Int) { self.init(no1:no1, no2:0) } } let res = mainClass(no1: 20) let print = subClass(no1: 30, no2: 50) print("res is: \(res.no1)") print("res is: \(print.no1)") print("res is: \(print.no2)")
当使用playground 运行上述程序时,得到以下结果 -
res is: 20 res is: 30 res is: 50
Swift 4允许使用协议组合一次调用多个协议。
语法
protocol<SomeProtocol, AnotherProtocol>
示例代码
protocol stname { var name: String { get } } protocol stage { var age: Int { get } } struct Person: stname, stage { var name: String var age: Int } func print(celebrator: stname & stage) { print("\(celebrator.name) is \(celebrator.age) years old") } let studname = Person(name: "zyiz", age: 21) print(studname) let stud = Person(name: "Maxsu", age: 29) print(stud) let student = Person(name: "Roshan", age: 19) print(student)
当使用playground 运行上述程序时,得到以下结果 -
Person(name: "zyiz", age: 21) Person(name: "Maxsu", age: 29) Person(name: "Roshan", age: 19)
协议一致性由is
和as
运算符测试,类似于类型转换。
is
运算符返回true
,如果失败则返回false
。as?
向下转换运算符的版本返回协议类型的可选值,如果实例不符合该协议,则此值为nil
。as
版本强制转换为协议类型,并且如果向下转换不成功则触发运行时错误。示例代码
import Foundation @objc protocol rectangle { var area: Double { get } } @objc class Circle: rectangle { let pi = 3.1415927 var radius: Double var area: Double { return pi * radius * radius } init(radius: Double) { self.radius = radius } } @objc class result: rectangle { var area: Double init(area: Double) { self.area = area } } class sides { var rectsides: Int init(rectsides: Int) { self.rectsides = rectsides } } let objects: [AnyObject] = [Circle(radius: 2.0),result(area:198),sides(rectsides: 4)] for object in objects { if let objectWithArea = object as? rectangle { print("Area is \(objectWithArea.area)") } else { print("Rectangle area is not defined") } }
当使用playground 运行上述程序时,得到以下结果 -
Area is 12.5663708 Area is 198.0 Rectangle area is not defined