正如前文提到,Go语言并没有类的定义,接口可以说Go语言最接近于类的实现方式,但是更轻量。对于接口的学习,如果从原理层面理解学习起来比较慢,所以建议先从代码使用维度进行理解,最终回归到原理层面加深理解。
假设我们有一组图形,需要计算每个图形的面积,并计算他们的面积之和。那么最简单的方法就是分别计算他们的面积,并进行相加,我们来尝试实现一下。
在这个代码实现中,我们需要将两种不同形状,矩形(rect)和圆形(circle)的面积求和,因此我们定义了如下内容:
虽然上述方式能够满足我们的需求,但是如果我们需要增加一个计算周长的方法时,我们的代码会变得非常冗余并且可读性变差,因此我们用接口尝试来改造我们的代码。
package main import ( "fmt" "math" ) type rect struct { width float64 height float64 } func (r rect) area() float64 { return r.width * r.height } type circle struct { radius float64 } func (c circle) area() float64 { return math.Pi * c.radius * c.radius } func main() { var areaSum float64 // Intial circle and rect struct type c1 := circle{2.5} r1 := rect{3, 4} // Save all area results into an array shapeAreas := []float64{c1.area(), r1.area()} // Sum all area together areaSum = 0 for _, area := range shapeAreas { areaSum += area } fmt.Printf("Sum area = %v\n", areaSum) }
相较于上述代码,我们做了如下优化:
package main import ( "fmt" "math" ) // Define a new interface, contain a method define and type is float64 type shape interface { area() float64 } type rect struct { width float64 height float64 } func (r rect) area() float64 { return r.width * r.height } type circle struct { radius float64 } func (c circle) area() float64 { return math.Pi * c.radius * c.radius } func main() { var areaSum float64 // Intial circle and rect struct type c1 := circle{2.5} r1 := rect{3, 4} // Previous: Save all area results into an array // Previous: shapeAreas := []float64{c1.area(), r1.area()} // Define an array with new shape interface shapes := []shape{c1, r1} // Previous: Sum all area together areaSum = 0 // Previous: for _, area := range shapeAreas { // Previous: areaSum += area // Previous: } // Implement a new loop for _, shape := range shapes { areaSum += shape.area() } fmt.Printf("Sum area = %v\n", areaSum) }
进一步优化代码,我们将接口作为参数,在主函数中调用时,只需要传入相应类型就会自动根据类型调用相应的计算面积的方法。
package main import ( "fmt" "math" ) // Define a new interface, contain a method define and type is float64 type shape interface { area() float64 } type rect struct { width float64 height float64 } // NOTE: 接口类型为rect func (r rect) area() float64 { return r.width * r.height } type circle struct { radius float64 } // NOTE: 接口类型为circle func (c circle) area() float64 { return math.Pi * c.radius * c.radius } func getArea(s shape) float64 { return s.area() } func main() { var areaSum float64 // Intial circle and rect struct type c1 := circle{2.5} r1 := rect{3, 4} // Previous: Save all area results into an array // Previous: shapeAreas := []float64{c1.area(), r1.area()} // Define an array with new shape interface shapes := []shape{c1, r1} // Previous: Sum all area together areaSum = 0 // Previous: for _, area := range shapeAreas { // Previous: areaSum += area // Previous: } // Implement a new loop for _, shape := range shapes { areaSum += getArea(shape) } fmt.Printf("Sum area = %v\n", areaSum) }