introduction 

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=fGG9dApIhDU

glance of features

• shared nothing architecture
• column storage with vectorized query execution
• build-in sharding and replication

延伸阅读：

replicas help with concurrency， shards  add IOPs.

shard table into different nodes, and replicate data one each of them.

use zookeeper to maintain the shared state and leader election.

clickhouse code is optimized for speed

bottom-up design： algorithms determine interface

ch的设计比较特殊，它是根据算法的实现来决定接口的定义。而不是常见的由用法（或使用习惯）决定接口。

specialized algorithms for common operations，seleted by：

由下面四个要素来决定某个操作应该使用哪种算法来执行。

• Data type：14 GROUP BY algorithms
• Data size：whether data fits in memory
• Ordering： whether data is already [partly] sorted or not
• Data distribution： e.g. using multi-armed bandits to optimize LZ4 decomposition

延伸阅读：

Introduction to Multi-Armed Bandits  [pdf下载]   

Multi-armed bandits a simple but very powerful framework for algorithms that make decisions over time under uncertainty. 

LZ4  （一种极快的压缩/解压算法，但压缩比率较差）

LZ4 is lossless compression algorithm, providing compression speed > 500 MB/s per core, scalable with multi-cores CPU. 

vectorized query execution

• SIMD （SSE 4.2+）
• efficient dispatch on all available cores

延伸阅读：

CMU 课程 Vectorized Query Execution

Vectorized query execution batches multiples rows together in a columnar format, and each operator uses simple loops to iterate over data within a batch. This feature greatly reduces the CPU usage for reading, writing and query operations like scanning, filtering.

how do distributed queries work?

application will visit one node of clickhouse, this node will dispatch subselect to different nodes and aggregateState will compute locally on mutil nodes, then the finnal aggregation will be merged on initiator node, and feedback to application.

其他

• https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Materialized_view
• Vectorization vs. Compilation in Query Execution （论文）
• TPC-DS 

TPC-DS is an enterprise-class benchmark, published and maintained by the Transaction Processing Performance Council (TPC), to measure the performance of decision support systems running on SQL-based big data systems.

• clickhouse sql 语法 https://clickhouse.tech/docs/zh/sql-reference/syntax/
• 架构概述 https://clickhouse.tech/docs/zh/development/architecture/