关系数据库系统中的数据是以规范化格式存储的。 所以,为了进行统计计算,我们需要非常高级和复杂的SQL查询。但是R可以很容易地连接到许多关系数据库,如:MySQL,Oracle,Sql Server等,并将它们作为数据帧提取。 当从数据库中读取数据到R环境中可用以后,它就成为一个正常的R数据集,可以使用所有强大的软件包和函数进行操作或分析。
在本教程中,我们将使用R编程语言连接到MySQL数据库。
R有一个名为RMySQL
的内置包,它提供与MySql数据库之间的本机连接。您可以使用以下命令在R环境中安装此软件包。
install.packages("RMySQL")
当安装了软件包(RMySQL
)之后,我们在R中创建一个连接对象以连接到数据库。它需要用户名,密码,数据库名称和主机名等数据库连接所需要的信息。
library("RMySQL"); # Create a connection Object to MySQL database. # We will connect to the sampel database named "testdb" that comes with MySql installation. mysqlconnection = dbConnect(MySQL(), user = 'root', password = '123456', dbname = 'testdb', host = 'localhost') # List the tables available in this database. dbListTables(mysqlconnection)
当我们执行上述代码时,会产生以下结果(当前数据中的所有表) -
[1] "articles" "contacts" "demos" "divisions" [5] "items" "luxuryitems" "order" "persons" [9] "posts" "revenues" "special_isnull" "t" [13] "tbl" "tmp" "v1" "vparts"
可以使用dbSendQuery()
函数查询MySQL中的数据库表。该查询在MySql中执行,并使用R 的fetch()
函数返回结果集,最后将此结果作为数据帧存储在R中。
假设要查询的表是:persons
,其创建语句和数据如下 -
/* Navicat MySQL Data Transfer Source Server : localhost-57 Source Server Version : 50709 Source Host : localhost:3306 Source Database : testdb Target Server Type : MYSQL Target Server Version : 50709 File Encoding : 65001 Date: 2017-08-24 00:35:17 */ SET FOREIGN_KEY_CHECKS=0; -- ---------------------------- -- Table structure for `persons` -- ---------------------------- DROP TABLE IF EXISTS `persons`; CREATE TABLE `persons` ( `id` int(11) NOT NULL AUTO_INCREMENT, `full_name` varchar(255) NOT NULL, `date_of_birth` date NOT NULL, PRIMARY KEY (`id`) ) ENGINE=InnoDB AUTO_INCREMENT=6 DEFAULT CHARSET=utf8; -- ---------------------------- -- Records of persons -- ---------------------------- INSERT INTO `persons` VALUES ('1', 'John Doe', '1990-01-01'); INSERT INTO `persons` VALUES ('2', 'David Taylor', '1989-06-06'); INSERT INTO `persons` VALUES ('3', 'Peter Drucker', '1988-03-02'); INSERT INTO `persons` VALUES ('4', 'Lily Minsu', '1992-05-05'); INSERT INTO `persons` VALUES ('5', 'Mary William', '1995-12-01');
将上述表导入到数据库中,并创建以下R代码,用来执行从数据库的表中查询数据 -
library("RMySQL"); # Create a connection Object to MySQL database. # We will connect to the sampel database named "testdb" that comes with MySql installation. mysqlconnection = dbConnect(MySQL(), user = 'root', password = '123456', dbname = 'testdb', host = 'localhost'); # Query the "actor" tables to get all the rows. result = dbSendQuery(mysqlconnection, "select * from persons") # Store the result in a R data frame object. n = 5 is used to fetch first 5 rows. data.frame = fetch(result, n = 5) print(data.frame)
执行上面示例代码,得到以下结果 -
id full_name date_of_birth John Doe 1990-01-01 David Taylor 1989-06-06 Peter Drucker 1988-03-02 Lily Minsu 1992-05-05 Mary William 1995-12-01
我们可以传递任何有效的选择查询来获取结果,如下代码所示 -
library("RMySQL"); # Create a connection Object to MySQL database. # We will connect to the sampel database named "testdb" that comes with MySql installation. mysqlconnection = dbConnect(MySQL(), user = 'root', password = '123456', dbname = 'testdb', host = 'localhost'); result = dbSendQuery(mysqlconnection, "select * from persons where date_of_birth = '1990-01-01'") # Fetch all the records(with n = -1) and store it as a data frame. data.frame = fetch(result, n = -1) print(data.frame)
当我们执行上述代码时,会产生以下结果 -
id full_name date_of_birth John Doe 1990-01-01
可以通过将更新查询传递给dbSendQuery()
函数来更新MySQL表中的行。
dbSendQuery(mysqlconnection, "update persons set date_of_birth = '1999-01-01' where id=3")
执行上述代码后,可以看到在MySql已经更新persons
表中对应的记录。
参考以下代码实现 -
library("RMySQL"); # Create a connection Object to MySQL database. # We will connect to the sampel database named "testdb" that comes with MySql installation. mysqlconnection = dbConnect(MySQL(), user = 'root', password = '123456', dbname = 'testdb', host = 'localhost'); dbSendQuery(mysqlconnection, "insert into persons(full_name, date_of_birth) values ('Maxsu', '1992-01-01')" )
执行上述代码后,可以看到向MySql的persons
表中,插入一行数据。
我们通过使用dbWriteTable()
函数向MySql中创建表。它会覆盖表,如果它已经存在并且以数据帧为输入。
library("RMySQL"); # Create the connection object to the testdb database where we want to create the table. mysqlconnection = dbConnect(MySQL(), user = 'root', password = '123456', dbname = 'testdb',host = 'localhost') # Use the R data frame "mtcars" to create the table in MySql. # All the rows of mtcars are taken inot MySql. dbWriteTable(mysqlconnection, "mtcars", mtcars[, ], overwrite = TRUE)
执行上述代码后,我们可以看到在MySql数据库中创建一个名称为:mtcars的表,并有填充了一些数据。
我们可以删除MySql数据库中的表,将drop table
语句传递到dbSendQuery()
函数中,就像在SQL中查询表中的数据一样。
dbSendQuery(mysqlconnection, 'drop table if exists mtcars')
执行上述代码后,我们可以看到MySql数据库中的mtcars
表被删除。