long-running task 是指那些长时间运行的任务,比如在一个 while True 中执行耗时较长的同步处理。
下面的例子中,我们不断从队列中尝试取出数据,并对这些数据进行处理,这样的任务就适合交给一个 long-running task 来处理。
var queue = new BlockingCollection<string>(); Task.Factory.StartNew(() => { while (true) { // BlockingCollection<T>.Take() 方法会阻塞当前线程,直到队列中有数据可以取出。 var input = queue.Take(); Console.WriteLine($"You entered: {input}"); } }, TaskCreationOptions.LongRunning); while (true) { var input = Console.ReadLine(); queue.Add(input); }
在 .NET 中,我们可以使用 Task.Factory.StartNew 方法并传入 TaskCreationOptions.LongRunning 来创建一个 long-running task。
虽然这种方式创建的 long-running task 和默认创建的 task 一样,都是分配给 ThreadPoolTaskScheduler 来调度的, 但 long-running task 会被分配到一个新的 Background 线程上执行,而不是交给 ThreadPool 中的线程来执行。
class ThreadPoolTaskScheduler : TaskScheduler { // ... protected internal override void QueueTask(Task task) { TaskCreationOptions options = task.Options; if (Thread.IsThreadStartSupported && (options & TaskCreationOptions.LongRunning) != 0) { // 在一个新的 Background 线程上执行 long-running task。 new Thread(s_longRunningThreadWork) { IsBackground = true, Name = ".NET Long Running Task" }.UnsafeStart(task); } else { // 非 long-running task 交给 ThreadPool 中的线程来执行。 ThreadPool.UnsafeQueueUserWorkItemInternal(task, (options & TaskCreationOptions.PreferFairness) == 0); } } // ... }
如果一个task持续占用一个线程,那么这个线程就不能被其他的task使用,这和 ThreadPool 的设计初衷是相违背的。
如果在 ThreadPool 中创建了大量的 long-running task,那么就会导致
ThreadPool 中的线程不够用,从而影响到其他的 task 的执行。
有时候,我们需要在 long-running task 中调用一个 async 方法。比如下面的例子中,我们需要在 long-running task 中调用一个 async
的方法来处理数据。
var queue = new BlockingCollection<string>(); Task.Factory.StartNew(async () => { while (true) { var input = queue.Take(); Console.WriteLine($"Before process: thread id: {Thread.CurrentThread.ManagedThreadId}, task scheduler: {InternalCurrentTaskScheduler()}, thread pool: {Thread.CurrentThread.IsThreadPoolThread}"); await ProcessAsync(input); Console.WriteLine($"After process: thread id: {Thread.CurrentThread.ManagedThreadId}, task scheduler: {InternalCurrentTaskScheduler()}, thread pool: {Thread.CurrentThread.IsThreadPoolThread}"); } }, TaskCreationOptions.LongRunning); async Task ProcessAsync(string input) { // 模拟一个异步操作。 await Task.Delay(100); Console.WriteLine($"You entered: {input}, thread id: {Thread.CurrentThread.ManagedThreadId}, task scheduler: {InternalCurrentTaskScheduler()}, thread pool: {Thread.CurrentThread.IsThreadPoolThread}"); } while (true) { var input = Console.ReadLine(); queue.Add(input); } TaskScheduler InternalCurrentTaskScheduler() { var propertyInfo = typeof(TaskScheduler).GetProperty("InternalCurrent", BindingFlags.Static | BindingFlags.NonPublic); return (TaskScheduler)propertyInfo.GetValue(null); }
连续输入 1、2、3、4,输出如下:
1 Before process: thread id: 9, task scheduler: System.Threading.Tasks.ThreadPoolTaskScheduler, thread pool: False You entered: 1, thread id: 4, task scheduler: , thread pool: True After process: thread id: 4, task scheduler: , thread pool: True 2 Before process: thread id: 4, task scheduler: , thread pool: True You entered: 2, thread id: 4, task scheduler: , thread pool: True After process: thread id: 4, task scheduler: , thread pool: True 3 Before process: thread id: 4, task scheduler: , thread pool: True You entered: 3, thread id: 4, task scheduler: , thread pool: True After process: thread id: 4, task scheduler: , thread pool: True 4 Before process: thread id: 4, task scheduler: , thread pool: True You entered: 4, thread id: 4, task scheduler: , thread pool: True After process: thread id: 4, task scheduler: , thread pool: True
从执行结果中可以看出,第一次 await 之前,当前线程是 long-running task 所在的线程(thread id: 9),此后就变成了 ThreadPool
中的线程(thread id: 4)。
至于为什么之后一直是 ThreadPool 中的线程(thread id: 4),这边做一下简单的解释。在我以前一篇介绍 await 的文章中介绍了 await 的执行过程,以及 await 之后的代码会在哪个线程上执行。
https://www.cnblogs.com/eventhorizon/p/15912383.html
线程池的介绍请参考我另一篇博客
https://www.cnblogs.com/eventhorizon/p/15316955.html
回到本文的主题,如果在 long-running task 使用了 await 调用一个 async 方法,就会导致为 long-running task 分配的独立线程提前退出,和我们的预期不符。
在 long-running task 中调用一个 async 方法,可以使用 Task.Wait 来阻塞当前线程,直到 async 方法执行完毕。
对于 Task.Factory.StartNew 创建出来的 long-running task 来说,因为其绑定了 ThreadPoolTaskScheduler,就算是使用 Task.Wait
阻塞了当前线程,也不会导致死锁。
并且 Task.Wait 会把异常抛出来,所以我们可以在 catch 中处理异常。
// ... Task.Factory.StartNew( () => { while (true) { var input = queue.Take(); Console.WriteLine($"Before process: thread id: {Thread.CurrentThread.ManagedThreadId}, task scheduler: {InternalCurrentTaskScheduler()}, thread pool: {Thread.CurrentThread.IsThreadPoolThread}"); ProcessAsync(input).Wait(); Console.WriteLine($"After process: thread id: {Thread.CurrentThread.ManagedThreadId}"); } }, TaskCreationOptions.LongRunning); // ...
输出如下:
1 Before process: thread id: 9, task scheduler: System.Threading.Tasks.ThreadPoolTaskScheduler, thread pool: False You entered: 1, thread id: 5, task scheduler: , thread pool: True After process: thread id: 9, task scheduler: System.Threading.Tasks.ThreadPoolTaskScheduler, thread pool: False 2 Before process: thread id: 9, task scheduler: System.Threading.Tasks.ThreadPoolTaskScheduler, thread pool: False You entered: 2, thread id: 5, task scheduler: , thread pool: True After process: thread id: 9, task scheduler: System.Threading.Tasks.ThreadPoolTaskScheduler, thread pool: False 3 Before process: thread id: 9, task scheduler: System.Threading.Tasks.ThreadPoolTaskScheduler, thread pool: False You entered: 3, thread id: 5, task scheduler: , thread pool: True After process: thread id: 9, task scheduler: System.Threading.Tasks.ThreadPoolTaskScheduler, thread pool: False 4 Before process: thread id: 9, task scheduler: System.Threading.Tasks.ThreadPoolTaskScheduler, thread pool: False You entered: 4, thread id: 5, task scheduler: , thread pool: True After process: thread id: 9, task scheduler: System.Threading.Tasks.ThreadPoolTaskScheduler, thread pool: False
Task.Wait 并不会对 async 方法内部产生影响,所以 async 方法内部的代码还是按照正常的逻辑执行。这边 ProcessAsync 方法内部打印的
thread id 没变纯粹是因为 ThreadPool 目前就只创建了一个线程,你可以疯狂输入看看结果。
关于 Task.Wait 的使用,可以参考我另一篇博客
https://www.cnblogs.com/eventhorizon/p/17481757.html
Task.Factory.StartNew(async () => { while (true) { var input = queue.Take(); Console.WriteLine( $"Before process: thread id: {Thread.CurrentThread.ManagedThreadId}, task scheduler: {InternalCurrentTaskScheduler()}, thread pool: {Thread.CurrentThread.IsThreadPoolThread}"); await ProcessAsync(input); Console.WriteLine( $"After process: thread id: {Thread.CurrentThread.ManagedThreadId}, task scheduler: {InternalCurrentTaskScheduler()}, thread pool: {Thread.CurrentThread.IsThreadPoolThread}"); } }, CancellationToken.None, TaskCreationOptions.None, new CustomerTaskScheduler()); class CustomerTaskScheduler : TaskScheduler { // 这边的 BlockingCollection 只是举个例子,如果是普通的队列,配合锁也是可以的。 private readonly BlockingCollection<Task> _tasks = new BlockingCollection<Task>(); public CustomerTaskScheduler() { var thread = new Thread(() => { foreach (var task in _tasks.GetConsumingEnumerable()) { TryExecuteTask(task); } }) { IsBackground = true }; thread.Start(); } protected override IEnumerable<Task> GetScheduledTasks() { return _tasks; } protected override void QueueTask(Task task) { _tasks.Add(task); } protected override bool TryExecuteTaskInline(Task task, bool taskWasPreviouslyQueued) { return false; } }
输出如下:
1 Before process: thread id: 9, task scheduler: CustomerTaskScheduler, thread pool: False You entered: 1, thread id: 9, task scheduler: CustomerTaskScheduler, thread pool: False After process: thread id: 9, task scheduler: CustomerTaskScheduler, thread pool: False 2 Before process: thread id: 9, task scheduler: CustomerTaskScheduler, thread pool: False You entered: 2, thread id: 9, task scheduler: CustomerTaskScheduler, thread pool: False After process: thread id: 9, task scheduler: CustomerTaskScheduler, thread pool: False 3 Before process: thread id: 9, task scheduler: CustomerTaskScheduler, thread pool: False You entered: 3, thread id: 9, task scheduler: CustomerTaskScheduler, thread pool: False After process: thread id: 9, task scheduler: CustomerTaskScheduler, thread pool: False 4 Before process: thread id: 9, task scheduler: CustomerTaskScheduler, thread pool: False You entered: 4, thread id: 9, task scheduler: CustomerTaskScheduler, thread pool: False After process: thread id: 9, task scheduler: CustomerTaskScheduler, thread pool: False
因为修改了上下文绑定的 TaskScheduler,会影响到 async 方法内部 await 回调的执行。
这种做法不推荐使用,因为可能会导致死锁。
如果我将 await 改成 Task.Wait,就会导致死锁。
Task.Factory.StartNew(() => { while (true) { var input = queue.Take(); Console.WriteLine( $"Before process: thread id: {Thread.CurrentThread.ManagedThreadId}, task scheduler: {InternalCurrentTaskScheduler()}, thread pool: {Thread.CurrentThread.IsThreadPoolThread}"); ProcessAsync(input).Wait(); Console.WriteLine( $"After process: thread id: {Thread.CurrentThread.ManagedThreadId}, task scheduler: {InternalCurrentTaskScheduler()}, thread pool: {Thread.CurrentThread.IsThreadPoolThread}"); } }, CancellationToken.None, TaskCreationOptions.None, new CustomerTaskScheduler());
输出如下:
1 Before process: thread id: 7, task scheduler: CustomerTaskScheduler, thread pool: False
后面就没有输出了,因为死锁了,除非我们在 ProcessAsync 方法内部每个 await 的 Task 后加上ConfigureAwait(false)。
同理,同学们也可以尝试用 SynchronizationContext 来实现类似的效果,同样有死锁的风险。
如果你想要在一个 long-running task 中执行 async 方法,使用 await 关键字会导致 long-running task 的独立线程提前退出。
比较推荐的做法是使用 Task.Wait。如果连续执行多个 async 方法,建议将这些 async 方法封装成一个新方法,然后只 Wait 这个新方法的 Task。