C++实现红黑树

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红黑树的应用：

利用key_value对，快速查找，O(logn)

socket与客户端id之间，形成映射关系(socket, id)
内存分配管理

一整块内存，不断分配小块
每分配一次，就加入到红黑树
释放的时候，在红黑树找到相应的块，然后去释放

利用红黑树中序遍历是顺序的特性

进程的调度

进程处于等待状态，每个进程都有等待的时间，在未来某个时刻会运行，将这些进程利用红黑树组织起来
在某个时刻，找到对应时刻的节点，然后中序遍历，就可以把该节点之前的节点全部运行到。

nginx定时器

为什么使用红黑树不使用哈希表？

极少情况下，需要key是有序的，如定时器

二叉排序树（bstree）

左子树 < 根 < 右子树
中序遍历结果是顺序的
极端情况下，如果顺序插入，结果就成了链表

为了解决这个问题，引入了红黑树

红黑树性质

每个节点是红色的或黑色的
根节点是黑色的
叶子节点是黑色的
红色节点的两个子节点必须是黑色的
对每个节点，该节点到其子孙节点的所有路径上的包含相同数目的黑节点（黑高相同）

最短路径就是全黑
最长路径就是黑红相间

如何证明红黑树的正确性？

采用归纳法

左旋与右旋

改变三个方向，六根指针

红黑树的插入：

插入节点的时候，原先的树是满足红黑树性质的
插入节点的颜色是红色更容易满足红黑树的性质
插入的节点是红色，且其父节点也是红色的时候，需要调整

插入有三种情况：

叔父节点是红色
叔父节点是黑色，且祖父节点，父节点和插入节点不是一条直线
叔父节点是黑色，且祖父节点，父节点和插入节点是一条直线

平衡二叉树：

内部不是color，而是一个high记录高度，如果左右子树高度相差超过1，就需要调整。

红黑树的删除：

什么是删除节点? y-> y是z的后继节点
什么是轴心节点? x是y的右子树

如果x是红色，把x变成黑色
如果x是黑色，需要进行调整

删除y节点，是什么颜色的时候需要调整？

黑色需要调整，删除黑色破坏了黑高

#include <stdio.h>
#include <stdlib.h>
#include <string.h>

#define RED                1
#define BLACK             2

typedef int KEY_TYPE;

typedef struct _rbtree_node {
    unsigned char color;
    struct _rbtree_node *right;
    struct _rbtree_node *left;
    struct _rbtree_node *parent;
    KEY_TYPE key;
    void *value;
} rbtree_node;

typedef struct _rbtree {
    rbtree_node *root;
    rbtree_node *nil;
} rbtree;

rbtree_node *rbtree_mini(rbtree *T, rbtree_node *x) {
    while (x->left != T->nil) {
        x = x->left;
    }
    return x;
}

rbtree_node *rbtree_maxi(rbtree *T, rbtree_node *x) {
    while (x->right != T->nil) {
        x = x->right;
    }
    return x;
}

rbtree_node *rbtree_successor(rbtree *T, rbtree_node *x) {
    rbtree_node *y = x->parent;

    if (x->right != T->nil) {
        return rbtree_mini(T, x->right);
    }

    while ((y != T->nil) && (x == y->right)) {
        x = y;
        y = y->parent;
    }
    return y;
}


void rbtree_left_rotate(rbtree *T, rbtree_node *x) {

    rbtree_node *y = x->right;  // x  --> y  ,  y --> x,   right --> left,  left --> right

    x->right = y->left; //1 1
    if (y->left != T->nil) { //1 2
        y->left->parent = x;
    }

    y->parent = x->parent; //1 3
    if (x->parent == T->nil) { //1 4
        T->root = y;
    } else if (x == x->parent->left) {
        x->parent->left = y;
    } else {
        x->parent->right = y;
    }

    y->left = x; //1 5
    x->parent = y; //1 6
}


void rbtree_right_rotate(rbtree *T, rbtree_node *y) {

    rbtree_node *x = y->left;

    y->left = x->right;
    if (x->right != T->nil) {
        x->right->parent = y;
    }

    x->parent = y->parent;
    if (y->parent == T->nil) {
        T->root = x;
    } else if (y == y->parent->right) {
        y->parent->right = x;
    } else {
        y->parent->left = x;
    }

    x->right = y;
    y->parent = x;
}

void rbtree_insert_fixup(rbtree *T, rbtree_node *z) {

    while (z->parent->color == RED) { //z ---> RED
        if (z->parent == z->parent->parent->left) {
            rbtree_node *y = z->parent->parent->right;
            if (y->color == RED) {
                z->parent->color = BLACK;
                y->color = BLACK;
                z->parent->parent->color = RED;

                z = z->parent->parent; //z --> RED
            } else {

                if (z == z->parent->right) {
                    z = z->parent;
                    rbtree_left_rotate(T, z);
                }

                z->parent->color = BLACK;
                z->parent->parent->color = RED;
                rbtree_right_rotate(T, z->parent->parent);
            }
        }else {
            rbtree_node *y = z->parent->parent->left;
            if (y->color == RED) {
                z->parent->color = BLACK;
                y->color = BLACK;
                z->parent->parent->color = RED;

                z = z->parent->parent; //z --> RED
            } else {
                if (z == z->parent->left) {
                    z = z->parent;
                    rbtree_right_rotate(T, z);
                }

                z->parent->color = BLACK;
                z->parent->parent->color = RED;
                rbtree_left_rotate(T, z->parent->parent);
            }
        }
        
    }

    T->root->color = BLACK;
}


void rbtree_insert(rbtree *T, rbtree_node *z) {

    rbtree_node *y = T->nil;
    rbtree_node *x = T->root;

    while (x != T->nil) {
        y = x;
        if (z->key < x->key) {
            x = x->left;
        } else if (z->key > x->key) {
            x = x->right;
        } else { //Exist
            return ;
        }
    }

    z->parent = y;
    if (y == T->nil) {
        T->root = z;
    } else if (z->key < y->key) {
        y->left = z;
    } else {
        y->right = z;
    }

    z->left = T->nil;
    z->right = T->nil;
    z->color = RED;

    rbtree_insert_fixup(T, z);
}

void rbtree_delete_fixup(rbtree *T, rbtree_node *x) {

    while ((x != T->root) && (x->color == BLACK)) {
        if (x == x->parent->left) {

            rbtree_node *w= x->parent->right;
            if (w->color == RED) {
                w->color = BLACK;
                x->parent->color = RED;

                rbtree_left_rotate(T, x->parent);
                w = x->parent->right;
            }

            if ((w->left->color == BLACK) && (w->right->color == BLACK)) {
                w->color = RED;
                x = x->parent;
            } else {

                if (w->right->color == BLACK) {
                    w->left->color = BLACK;
                    w->color = RED;
                    rbtree_right_rotate(T, w);
                    w = x->parent->right;
                }

                w->color = x->parent->color;
                x->parent->color = BLACK;
                w->right->color = BLACK;
                rbtree_left_rotate(T, x->parent);

                x = T->root;
            }

        } else {

            rbtree_node *w = x->parent->left;
            if (w->color == RED) {
                w->color = BLACK;
                x->parent->color = RED;
                rbtree_right_rotate(T, x->parent);
                w = x->parent->left;
            }

            if ((w->left->color == BLACK) && (w->right->color == BLACK)) {
                w->color = RED;
                x = x->parent;
            } else {

                if (w->left->color == BLACK) {
                    w->right->color = BLACK;
                    w->color = RED;
                    rbtree_left_rotate(T, w);
                    w = x->parent->left;
                }

                w->color = x->parent->color;
                x->parent->color = BLACK;
                w->left->color = BLACK;
                rbtree_right_rotate(T, x->parent);

                x = T->root;
            }

        }
    }

    x->color = BLACK;
}

rbtree_node *rbtree_delete(rbtree *T, rbtree_node *z) {

    rbtree_node *y = T->nil;
    rbtree_node *x = T->nil;

    if ((z->left == T->nil) || (z->right == T->nil)) {
        y = z;
    } else {
        y = rbtree_successor(T, z);
    }

    if (y->left != T->nil) {
        x = y->left;
    } else if (y->right != T->nil) {
        x = y->right;
    }

    x->parent = y->parent;
    if (y->parent == T->nil) {
        T->root = x;
    } else if (y == y->parent->left) {
        y->parent->left = x;
    } else {
        y->parent->right = x;
    }

    if (y != z) {
        z->key = y->key;
        z->value = y->value;
    }

    if (y->color == BLACK) {
        rbtree_delete_fixup(T, x);
    }

    return y;
}

rbtree_node *rbtree_search(rbtree *T, KEY_TYPE key) {

    rbtree_node *node = T->root;
    while (node != T->nil) {
        if (key < node->key) {
            node = node->left;
        } else if (key > node->key) {
            node = node->right;
        } else {
            return node;
        }    
    }
    return T->nil;
}


void rbtree_traversal(rbtree *T, rbtree_node *node) {
    if (node != T->nil) {
        rbtree_traversal(T, node->left);
        printf("key:%d, color:%d\n", node->key, node->color);
        rbtree_traversal(T, node->right);
    }
}

int main() {

    int keyArray[20] = {24,25,13,35,23, 26,67,47,38,98, 20,19,17,49,12, 21,9,18,14,15};

    rbtree *T = (rbtree *)malloc(sizeof(rbtree));
    if (T == NULL) {
        printf("malloc failed\n");
        return -1;
    }
    
    T->nil = (rbtree_node*)malloc(sizeof(rbtree_node));
    T->nil->color = BLACK;
    T->root = T->nil;

    rbtree_node *node = T->nil;
    int i = 0;
    for (i = 0;i < 20;i ++) {
        node = (rbtree_node*)malloc(sizeof(rbtree_node));
        node->key = keyArray[i];
        node->value = NULL;

        rbtree_insert(T, node);
        
    }

    rbtree_traversal(T, T->root);
    printf("----------------------------------------\n");

    for (i = 0;i < 20;i ++) {

        rbtree_node *node = rbtree_search(T, keyArray[i]);
        rbtree_node *cur = rbtree_delete(T, node);
        free(cur);

        rbtree_traversal(T, T->root);
        printf("----------------------------------------\n");
    }
  
}

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