复杂分布式体系结构中的应用程序有数十个依赖关系,每个依赖关系在某些时候将不可避免地失败。
多个微服务之间调用的时候,假设微服务A调用微服务B和微服务C,微服务B和微服务C又调用其它的微服务,这就是所谓的“扇出”。如果扇出的链路上某个微服务的调用响应时间过长或者不可用,对微服务A的调用就会占用越来越多的系统资源,进而引起系统崩溃,所谓的“雪崩效应”.对于高流量的应用来说,单一的后避依赖可能会导致所有服务器上的所有资源都在几秒钟内饱和。比失败更糟糕的是,这些应用程序还可能导致服务之间的延迟增加,备份队列,线程和其他系统资源紧张,导致整个系统发生更多的级联故障。这些都表示需要对故障和延迟进行隔离和管理,以便单个依赖关系的失败,不能取消整个应用程序或系统。
所以,通常当你发现一个模块下的某个实例失败后,这时候这个模块依然还会接收流量,然后这个有问题的模块还调用了其他的模块,这样就会发生级联故障,或者叫雪崩。
Hystrix是一个用于处理分布式系统的延迟和容错的开源库,在分布式系统里,许多依赖不可避免的会调用失败,比如超时、异常等,Hystrix能够保证在一个依赖出问题的情况下,不会导致整体服务失败,避免级联故障,以提高分布式系统的弹性。
"断路器”本身是一种开关装置,当某个服务单元发生故障之后,通过断路器的故障监控(类似熔断保险丝),向调用方返回一个符合预期的、可处理的备选响应(FallBack),而不是长时间的等待或者抛出调用方无法处理的异常,这样就保证了服务调用方的线程不会被长时间、不必要地占用,从而避免了故障在分布式系统中的蔓延,乃至雪崩。
GitHub Wiki
GitHub
服务器忙,请稍后再试,不让客户端等待并立刻返回一个友好提示,fallback
类比保险丝达到最大服务访问后,直接拒绝访问,拉闸限电,然后调用服务降级的方法并返回友好提示。
服务的降级 -> 进而熔断 -> 恢复调用链路
秒杀高并发等操作,严禁一窝蜂的过来拥挤,大家排队,一秒钟N个,有序进行。
搭建cloud-provider-hygtrix-payment8001工程
<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?> <project xmlns="http://maven.apache.org/POM/4.0.0" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xsi:schemaLocation="http://maven.apache.org/POM/4.0.0 http://maven.apache.org/xsd/maven-4.0.0.xsd"> <parent> <artifactId>com.dance.springcloud</artifactId> <groupId>com.dance</groupId> <version>1.0-SNAPSHOT</version> </parent> <modelVersion>4.0.0</modelVersion> <artifactId>cloud-provider-hygtrix-payment8001</artifactId> <properties> <maven.compiler.source>8</maven.compiler.source> <maven.compiler.target>8</maven.compiler.target> </properties> <dependencies> <!--hystrix--> <dependency> <groupId>org.springframework.cloud</groupId> <artifactId>spring-cloud-starter-netflix-hystrix</artifactId> </dependency> <!--eureka client--> <dependency> <groupId>org.springframework.cloud</groupId> <artifactId>spring-cloud-starter-netflix-eureka-client</artifactId> </dependency> <!--web--> <dependency> <groupId>org.springframework.boot</groupId> <artifactId>spring-boot-starter-web</artifactId> </dependency> <dependency> <groupId>org.springframework.boot</groupId> <artifactId>spring-boot-starter-actuator</artifactId> </dependency> <!-- dependent on common modules --> <dependency> <groupId>com.dance</groupId> <artifactId>cloud-api-commons</artifactId> <version>1.0-SNAPSHOT</version> </dependency> <dependency> <groupId>org.springframework.boot</groupId> <artifactId>spring-boot-devtools</artifactId> <scope>runtime</scope> <optional>true</optional> </dependency> <dependency> <groupId>org.projectlombok</groupId> <artifactId>lombok</artifactId> <optional>true</optional> </dependency> <dependency> <groupId>org.springframework.boot</groupId> <artifactId>spring-boot-starter-test</artifactId> <scope>test</scope> </dependency> </dependencies> </project>
server: port: 8001 spring: application: name: cloud-provider-hystrix-payment eureka: client: register-with-eureka: true fetch-registry: true service-url: defaultZone: http://eureka7001.com:7001/eureka,http://eureka7002.com:7002/eureka
package com.dance.springcloud; import org.springframework.boot.SpringApplication; import org.springframework.boot.autoconfigure.SpringBootApplication; import org.springframework.cloud.netflix.eureka.EnableEurekaClient; /** * */ @SpringBootApplication @EnableEurekaClient public class PaymentHystrixMain8001 { public static void main(String[] args) { SpringApplication.run(PaymentHystrixMain8001.class, args); } }
package com.dance.springcloud.service; import org.springframework.stereotype.Service; import java.util.concurrent.TimeUnit; /** * */ @Service public class PaymentService { public String paymentInfo_OK(Integer id) { return "线程池: " + Thread.currentThread().getName() + " paymentInfo_OK,id: " + id + "\t" + "O(∩_∩)O哈哈~"; } public String paymentInfo_TimeOut(Integer id) { try { TimeUnit.MILLISECONDS.sleep(3000); } catch (InterruptedException e) { e.printStackTrace(); } return "线程池: " + Thread.currentThread().getName() + " id: " + id + "\t" + "O(∩_∩)O哈哈~" + " 耗时(秒): 3"; } }
package com.dance.springcloud.controller; import com.dance.springcloud.service.PaymentService; import lombok.extern.slf4j.Slf4j; import org.springframework.beans.factory.annotation.Value; import org.springframework.web.bind.annotation.GetMapping; import org.springframework.web.bind.annotation.PathVariable; import org.springframework.web.bind.annotation.RestController; import javax.annotation.Resource; /** * */ @RestController @Slf4j public class PaymentController { @Resource private PaymentService paymentService; @Value("${server.port}") private String serverPort; @GetMapping("/payment/hystrix/ok/{id}") public String paymentInfo_OK(@PathVariable("id") Integer id) { String result = paymentService.paymentInfo_OK(id); log.info("*****result: " + result); return result; } @GetMapping("/payment/hystrix/timeout/{id}") public String paymentInfo_TimeOut(@PathVariable("id") Integer id) { String result = paymentService.paymentInfo_TimeOut(id); log.info("*****result: " + result); return result; } }
上述module均OK
以上述为根基平台,从正确 -> 错误 -> 降级熔断 -> 恢复。
上述在非高并发情形下,还能勉强满足
Jmeter官网
The Apache JMeter™ application is open source software, a 100% pure Java application designed to load test functional behavior and measure performance. It was originally designed for testing Web Applications but has since expanded to other test functions.
http://jmeter.apache.org/download_jmeter.cgi
点击即可下载,下载完成后得到的是压缩包,解压就可以直接使用,不用安装
双击jmeter/bin/jmeter.bat即可
默认是英文的
在Options中找到Choose Language找到Chinese(Simplified) 点击 即可切换为中文简体
右击Test Plan
200 X 100 = 20000次
在线程组右击
启动Jmeter后再次访问http://localhost:8001/payment/hystrix/ok/1接口,发现连正常的接口都被拖慢了
看演示结果:拖慢,原因:tomcat的默认的工作线程数被打满了,没有多余的线程来分解压力和处理。
上面还是服务提供者8001自己测试,假如此时外部的消费者80也来访问,那消费者只能干等,最终导致消费端80不满意,服务端8001直接被拖慢。
看热闹不嫌弃事大,80新建加入
新建cloud-consumer-feign-hystrix-order80工程
<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?> <project xmlns="http://maven.apache.org/POM/4.0.0" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xsi:schemaLocation="http://maven.apache.org/POM/4.0.0 http://maven.apache.org/xsd/maven-4.0.0.xsd"> <parent> <artifactId>com.dance.springcloud</artifactId> <groupId>com.dance</groupId> <version>1.0-SNAPSHOT</version> </parent> <modelVersion>4.0.0</modelVersion> <artifactId>cloud-consumer-feign-hystrix-order80</artifactId> <properties> <maven.compiler.source>8</maven.compiler.source> <maven.compiler.target>8</maven.compiler.target> </properties> <dependencies> <!--openfeign--> <dependency> <groupId>org.springframework.cloud</groupId> <artifactId>spring-cloud-starter-openfeign</artifactId> </dependency> <!--hystrix--> <dependency> <groupId>org.springframework.cloud</groupId> <artifactId>spring-cloud-starter-netflix-hystrix</artifactId> </dependency> <!--eureka client--> <dependency> <groupId>org.springframework.cloud</groupId> <artifactId>spring-cloud-starter-netflix-eureka-client</artifactId> </dependency> <!-- dependent on common modules --> <dependency> <groupId>com.dance</groupId> <artifactId>cloud-api-commons</artifactId> <version>1.0-SNAPSHOT</version> </dependency> <!--web--> <dependency> <groupId>org.springframework.boot</groupId> <artifactId>spring-boot-starter-web</artifactId> </dependency> <dependency> <groupId>org.springframework.boot</groupId> <artifactId>spring-boot-starter-actuator</artifactId> </dependency> <!--一般基础通用配置--> <dependency> <groupId>org.springframework.boot</groupId> <artifactId>spring-boot-devtools</artifactId> <scope>runtime</scope> <optional>true</optional> </dependency> <dependency> <groupId>org.projectlombok</groupId> <artifactId>lombok</artifactId> <optional>true</optional> </dependency> <dependency> <groupId>org.springframework.boot</groupId> <artifactId>spring-boot-starter-test</artifactId> <scope>test</scope> </dependency> </dependencies> </project>
server: port: 80 eureka: client: register-with-eureka: false service-url: defaultZone: http://eureka7001.com:7001/eureka/,http://eureka7002.com:7002/eureka/
package com.dance.springcloud; import org.springframework.boot.SpringApplication; import org.springframework.boot.autoconfigure.SpringBootApplication; import org.springframework.cloud.netflix.hystrix.EnableHystrix; import org.springframework.cloud.openfeign.EnableFeignClients; /** * */ @SpringBootApplication @EnableFeignClients //@EnableHystrix public class OrderHystrixMain80 { public static void main(String[] args) { SpringApplication.run(OrderHystrixMain80.class, args); } }
package com.dance.springcloud.service; import org.springframework.cloud.openfeign.FeignClient; import org.springframework.stereotype.Component; import org.springframework.web.bind.annotation.GetMapping; import org.springframework.web.bind.annotation.PathVariable; /** * */ @Component @FeignClient(value = "CLOUD-PROVIDER-HYSTRIX-PAYMENT" /*,fallback = PaymentFallbackService.class*/) public interface PaymentHystrixService { @GetMapping("/payment/hystrix/ok/{id}") public String paymentInfo_OK(@PathVariable("id") Integer id); @GetMapping("/payment/hystrix/timeout/{id}") public String paymentInfo_TimeOut(@PathVariable("id") Integer id); }
package com.dance.springcloud.controller; import com.dance.springcloud.service.PaymentHystrixService; import lombok.extern.slf4j.Slf4j; import org.springframework.web.bind.annotation.GetMapping; import org.springframework.web.bind.annotation.PathVariable; import org.springframework.web.bind.annotation.RestController; import javax.annotation.Resource; @RestController @Slf4j public class OrderHystirxController { @Resource private PaymentHystrixService paymentHystrixService; @GetMapping("/consumer/payment/hystrix/ok/{id}") public String paymentInfo_OK(@PathVariable("id") Integer id) { return paymentHystrixService.paymentInfo_OK(id); } @GetMapping("/consumer/payment/hystrix/timeout/{id}") public String paymentInfo_TimeOut(@PathVariable("id") Integer id) { return paymentHystrixService.paymentInfo_TimeOut(id); } }
http://localhost/consumer/payment/hystrix/ok/1
2W个线程压8001
消费端80微服务再去访问正常的Ok微服务8001地址
http://localhost/consumer/payment/hystrix/ok/32
消费者80被拖慢
原因:8001同一层次的其它接口服务被困死,因为tomcat线程池里面的工作线程已经被挤占完毕。
正因为有上述故障或不佳表现才有我们的降级/容错/限流等技术诞生。
时导致服务器变慢(转圈) - 超时不再等待
出错(宕机或程序运行出错) - 出错要有兜底
解决:
降级配置 - @HystrixCommand
8001先从自身找问题
设置自身调用超时时间的峰值,峰值内可以正常运行,超过了需要有兜底的方法处埋,作服务降级fallback。
8001fallback
业务类启用 - @HystrixCommand报异常后如何处理
—旦调用服务方法失败并抛出了错误信息后,会自动调用@HystrixCommand标注好的fallbackMethod调用类中的指定方法
package com.dance.springcloud.service; import com.netflix.hystrix.contrib.javanica.annotation.HystrixCommand; import com.netflix.hystrix.contrib.javanica.annotation.HystrixProperty; import org.springframework.stereotype.Service; import java.util.concurrent.TimeUnit; /** * */ @Service public class PaymentService { public String paymentInfo_OK(Integer id) { return "线程池: " + Thread.currentThread().getName() + " paymentInfo_OK,id: " + id + "\t" + "O(∩_∩)O哈哈~"; } /** * HystrixCommand : 指定需要降级的方法 * fallbackMethod = "paymentInfo_TimeOutHandler" : 降级后调用的方法名称 * @HystrixProperty(name = "execution.isolation.thread.timeoutInMilliseconds", value = "3000") : 设置方法执行时间超过3s就超时 */ @HystrixCommand(fallbackMethod = "paymentInfo_TimeOutHandler", commandProperties = { @HystrixProperty(name = "execution.isolation.thread.timeoutInMilliseconds", value = "3000") }) public String paymentInfo_TimeOut(Integer id) { try { int age = 10/0; TimeUnit.MILLISECONDS.sleep(5000); } catch (InterruptedException e) { e.printStackTrace(); } return "线程池: " + Thread.currentThread().getName() + " id: " + id + "\t" + "O(∩_∩)O哈哈~" + " 耗时(秒): 3"; } //用来善后的方法 public String paymentInfo_TimeOutHandler(Integer id) { return "线程池: " + Thread.currentThread().getName() + " 8001系统繁忙或者运行报错,请稍后再试,id: " + id + "\t" + "o(╥﹏╥)o"; } }
上面故意制造两种异常:
当前服务不可用了,做服务降级,兜底的方案都是paymentInfo_TimeOutHandler
添加新注解@EnableCircuitBreaker
package com.dance.springcloud; import org.springframework.boot.SpringApplication; import org.springframework.boot.autoconfigure.SpringBootApplication; import org.springframework.cloud.client.circuitbreaker.EnableCircuitBreaker; import org.springframework.cloud.netflix.eureka.EnableEurekaClient; /** * */ @SpringBootApplication @EnableEurekaClient // 开启降级激活 @EnableCircuitBreaker public class PaymentHystrixMain8001 { public static void main(String[] args) { SpringApplication.run(PaymentHystrixMain8001.class, args); } }
记得是提供者主启动类,我这里就添加到调用者主启动类上面去了,感觉咋都不好使【哭】
测试成功,应为超时后调用了fallbackMethod
80订单微服务,也可以更好的保护自己,自己也依样画葫芦进行客户端降级保护
#开启 feign: hystrix: enabled: true
package com.dance.springcloud; import org.springframework.boot.SpringApplication; import org.springframework.boot.autoconfigure.SpringBootApplication; import org.springframework.cloud.netflix.hystrix.EnableHystrix; import org.springframework.cloud.openfeign.EnableFeignClients; /** * */ @SpringBootApplication @EnableFeignClients // 开启断路器 @EnableHystrix public class OrderHystrixMain80 { public static void main(String[] args) { SpringApplication.run(OrderHystrixMain80.class, args); } }
package com.dance.springcloud.controller; import com.dance.springcloud.service.PaymentHystrixService; import com.netflix.hystrix.contrib.javanica.annotation.HystrixCommand; import com.netflix.hystrix.contrib.javanica.annotation.HystrixProperty; import lombok.extern.slf4j.Slf4j; import org.springframework.web.bind.annotation.GetMapping; import org.springframework.web.bind.annotation.PathVariable; import org.springframework.web.bind.annotation.RestController; import javax.annotation.Resource; @RestController @Slf4j public class OrderHystirxController { @Resource private PaymentHystrixService paymentHystrixService; @GetMapping("/consumer/payment/hystrix/ok/{id}") public String paymentInfo_OK(@PathVariable("id") Integer id) { return paymentHystrixService.paymentInfo_OK(id); } @HystrixCommand(fallbackMethod = "paymentTimeOutFallbackMethod", commandProperties = { @HystrixProperty(name = "execution.isolation.thread.timeoutInMilliseconds", value = "1500") }) @GetMapping("/consumer/payment/hystrix/timeout/{id}") public String paymentInfo_TimeOut(@PathVariable("id") Integer id) { return paymentHystrixService.paymentInfo_TimeOut(id); } //善后方法 public String paymentTimeOutFallbackMethod(@PathVariable("id") Integer id){ return "我是消费者80,对方支付系统繁忙请10秒钟后再试或者自己运行出错请检查自己,o(╥﹏╥)o"; } }
测试之前将提供者服务的参数 超时时间改为正常的
超时时间: 5s
方法阻塞时间: 3s
应为消费者设置的超时时间是1.5s
测试成功~超过1.5s调用自己的降级处理手段
每个业务方法对应一个兜底的方法,代码膨胀,太多了,这并不是我们需要的,我们这需要一些特定的方法有特定的处理就好了,其他的全部走默认就可以
解决方法
package com.dance.springcloud.controller; import com.dance.springcloud.service.PaymentHystrixService; import com.netflix.hystrix.contrib.javanica.annotation.DefaultProperties; import com.netflix.hystrix.contrib.javanica.annotation.HystrixCommand; import com.netflix.hystrix.contrib.javanica.annotation.HystrixProperty; import lombok.extern.slf4j.Slf4j; import org.springframework.web.bind.annotation.GetMapping; import org.springframework.web.bind.annotation.PathVariable; import org.springframework.web.bind.annotation.RestController; import javax.annotation.Resource; @RestController @Slf4j @DefaultProperties(defaultFallback = "payment_Global_FallbackMethod") public class OrderHystirxController { @Resource private PaymentHystrixService paymentHystrixService; @GetMapping("/consumer/payment/hystrix/ok/{id}") public String paymentInfo_OK(@PathVariable("id") Integer id) { return paymentHystrixService.paymentInfo_OK(id); } // @HystrixCommand(fallbackMethod = "paymentTimeOutFallbackMethod", commandProperties = { // @HystrixProperty(name = "execution.isolation.thread.timeoutInMilliseconds", value = "1500") // }) @HystrixCommand @GetMapping("/consumer/payment/hystrix/timeout/{id}") public String paymentInfo_TimeOut(@PathVariable("id") Integer id) { int age = 10/0; return paymentHystrixService.paymentInfo_TimeOut(id); } //善后方法 public String paymentTimeOutFallbackMethod(@PathVariable("id") Integer id) { return "我是消费者80,对方支付系统繁忙请10秒钟后再试或者自己运行出错请检查自己,o(╥﹏╥)o"; } // 下面是全局fallback方法 public String payment_Global_FallbackMethod() { return "Global异常处理信息,请稍后再试,/(ㄒoㄒ)/~~"; } }
现在代码 降级方法和接口方法是放在一起的,代码混乱,需要分开
服务降级,客户端去调用服务端,碰上服务端宕机或关闭
本次案例服务降级处理是在客户端80实现完成的,与服务端8001没有关系,只需要为Feign客户端定义的接口添加一个服务降级处理的实现类即可实现解耦
未来我们要面对的异常
package com.dance.springcloud.service.impl; import com.dance.springcloud.service.PaymentHystrixService; import org.springframework.stereotype.Component; @Component public class PaymentFallbackService implements PaymentHystrixService { @Override public String paymentInfo_OK(Integer id) { return "-----PaymentFallbackService fall back-paymentInfo_OK ,o(╥﹏╥)o"; } @Override public String paymentInfo_TimeOut(Integer id) { return "-----PaymentFallbackService fall back-paymentInfo_TimeOut ,o(╥﹏╥)o"; } }
package com.dance.springcloud.service; import com.dance.springcloud.service.impl.PaymentFallbackService; import org.springframework.cloud.openfeign.FeignClient; import org.springframework.stereotype.Component; import org.springframework.web.bind.annotation.GetMapping; import org.springframework.web.bind.annotation.PathVariable; /** * */ @Component @FeignClient(value = "CLOUD-PROVIDER-HYSTRIX-PAYMENT" ,fallback = PaymentFallbackService.class) public interface PaymentHystrixService { @GetMapping("/payment/hystrix/ok/{id}") public String paymentInfo_OK(@PathVariable("id") Integer id); @GetMapping("/payment/hystrix/timeout/{id}") public String paymentInfo_TimeOut(@PathVariable("id") Integer id); }
客户端自己调用提示 - 此时服务端provider已经down了,但是我们做了服务降级处理,让客户端在服务端不可用时也会获得提示信息而不会挂起耗死服务器。
断路器,相当于保险丝。
熔断机制是应对雪崩效应的一种微服务链路保护机制。当扇出链路的某个微服务出错不可用或者响应时间太长时,会进行服务的降级,进而熔断该节点微服务的调用,快速返回错误的响应信息。当检测到该节点微服务调用响应正常后,恢复调用链路。
在Spring Cloud框架里,熔断机制通过Hystrix实现。Hystrix会监控微服务间调用的状况,当失败的调用到一定阈值,缺省是5秒内20次调用失败,就会启动熔断机制。熔断机制的注解是@HystrixCommand。
Martin Fowler的相关论文
Hutool国产工具类
package com.dance.springcloud.service; import cn.hutool.core.util.IdUtil; import com.netflix.hystrix.contrib.javanica.annotation.HystrixCommand; import com.netflix.hystrix.contrib.javanica.annotation.HystrixProperty; import org.springframework.stereotype.Service; import org.springframework.web.bind.annotation.PathVariable; import java.util.concurrent.TimeUnit; /** * */ @Service public class PaymentService { public String paymentInfo_OK(Integer id) { return "线程池: " + Thread.currentThread().getName() + " paymentInfo_OK,id: " + id + "\t" + "O(∩_∩)O哈哈~"; } /** * HystrixCommand : 指定需要降级的方法 * fallbackMethod = "paymentInfo_TimeOutHandler" : 降级后调用的方法名称 * @HystrixProperty(name = "execution.isolation.thread.timeoutInMilliseconds", value = "3000") : 设置方法执行时间超过3s就超时 */ @HystrixCommand(fallbackMethod = "paymentInfo_TimeOutHandler", commandProperties = { @HystrixProperty(name = "execution.isolation.thread.timeoutInMilliseconds", value = "3000") }) public String paymentInfo_TimeOut(Integer id) { try { int age = 10/0; TimeUnit.MILLISECONDS.sleep(5000); } catch (InterruptedException e) { e.printStackTrace(); } return "线程池: " + Thread.currentThread().getName() + " id: " + id + "\t" + "O(∩_∩)O哈哈~" + " 耗时(秒): 3"; } //用来善后的方法 public String paymentInfo_TimeOutHandler(Integer id) { return "线程池: " + Thread.currentThread().getName() + " 8001系统繁忙或者运行报错,请稍后再试,id: " + id + "\t" + "o(╥﹏╥)o"; } //=====服务熔断 @HystrixCommand(fallbackMethod = "paymentCircuitBreaker_fallback",commandProperties = { @HystrixProperty(name = "circuitBreaker.enabled",value = "true"),// 是否开启断路器 @HystrixProperty(name = "circuitBreaker.requestVolumeThreshold",value = "10"),// 请求次数 @HystrixProperty(name = "circuitBreaker.sleepWindowInMilliseconds",value = "10000"), // 时间窗口期 @HystrixProperty(name = "circuitBreaker.errorThresholdPercentage",value = "60"),// 失败率达到多少后跳闸 }) public String paymentCircuitBreaker(@PathVariable("id") Integer id) { if(id < 0) { throw new RuntimeException("******id 不能负数"); } String serialNumber = IdUtil.simpleUUID(); return Thread.currentThread().getName()+"\t"+"调用成功,流水号: " + serialNumber; } public String paymentCircuitBreaker_fallback(@PathVariable("id") Integer id) { return "id 不能负数,请稍后再试,/(ㄒoㄒ)/~~ id: " +id; } }
package com.netflix.hystrix; ... public abstract class HystrixCommandProperties { private static final Logger logger = LoggerFactory.getLogger(HystrixCommandProperties.class); /* defaults */ /* package */ static final Integer default_metricsRollingStatisticalWindow = 10000;// default => statisticalWindow: 10000 = 10 seconds (and default of 10 buckets so each bucket is 1 second) private static final Integer default_metricsRollingStatisticalWindowBuckets = 10;// default => statisticalWindowBuckets: 10 = 10 buckets in a 10 second window so each bucket is 1 second private static final Integer default_circuitBreakerRequestVolumeThreshold = 20;// default => statisticalWindowVolumeThreshold: 20 requests in 10 seconds must occur before statistics matter private static final Integer default_circuitBreakerSleepWindowInMilliseconds = 5000;// default => sleepWindow: 5000 = 5 seconds that we will sleep before trying again after tripping the circuit private static final Integer default_circuitBreakerErrorThresholdPercentage = 50;// default => errorThresholdPercentage = 50 = if 50%+ of requests in 10 seconds are failures or latent then we will trip the circuit private static final Boolean default_circuitBreakerForceOpen = false;// default => forceCircuitOpen = false (we want to allow traffic) /* package */ static final Boolean default_circuitBreakerForceClosed = false;// default => ignoreErrors = false private static final Integer default_executionTimeoutInMilliseconds = 1000; // default => executionTimeoutInMilliseconds: 1000 = 1 second private static final Boolean default_executionTimeoutEnabled = true; ... }
package com.dance.springcloud.controller; import com.dance.springcloud.service.PaymentService; import lombok.extern.slf4j.Slf4j; import org.springframework.beans.factory.annotation.Value; import org.springframework.web.bind.annotation.GetMapping; import org.springframework.web.bind.annotation.PathVariable; import org.springframework.web.bind.annotation.RestController; import javax.annotation.Resource; /** * */ @RestController @Slf4j public class PaymentController { @Resource private PaymentService paymentService; 。。。。。。。//====服务熔断 @GetMapping("/payment/circuit/{id}") public String paymentCircuitBreaker(@PathVariable("id") Integer id) { String result = paymentService.paymentCircuitBreaker(id); log.info("****result: " + result); return result; } }
自测cloud-provider-hystrix-payment8001
正确 - http://localhost:8001/payment/circuit/1
错误 - http://localhost:8001/payment/circuit/-1
多次错误,再来次正确,但错误得显示
重点测试 - 多次错误,然后慢慢正确,发现刚开始不满足条件,就算是正确的访问地址也不能进行
Martin Fowler的相关论文
The precise way that the circuit opening and closing occurs is as follows:
Assuming the volume across a circuit meets a certain threshold : HystrixCommandProperties.circuitBreakerRequestVolumeThreshold()
And assuming that the error percentage, as defined above exceeds the error percentage defined in : HystrixCommandProperties.circuitBreakerErrorThresholdPercentage()
Then the circuit-breaker transitions from CLOSED to OPEN.
While it is open, it short-circuits all requests made against that circuit-breaker.
After some amount of time (HystrixCommandProperties.circuitBreakerSleepWindowInMilliseconds()), the next request is let through. If it fails, the command stays OPEN for the sleep window. If it succeeds, it transitions to CLOSED and the logic in 1) takes over again.
link
//=====服务熔断 @HystrixCommand(fallbackMethod = "paymentCircuitBreaker_fallback",commandProperties = { @HystrixProperty(name = "circuitBreaker.enabled",value = "true"),// 是否开启断路器 @HystrixProperty(name = "circuitBreaker.requestVolumeThreshold",value = "10"),// 请求次数 @HystrixProperty(name = "circuitBreaker.sleepWindowInMilliseconds",value = "10000"), // 时间窗口期 @HystrixProperty(name = "circuitBreaker.errorThresholdPercentage",value = "60"),// 失败率达到多少后跳闸 }) public String paymentCircuitBreaker(@PathVariable("id") Integer id) { ... }
快照时间窗:断路器确定是否打开需要统计一些请求和错误数据,而统计的时间范围就是快照时间窗,默认为最近的10秒。
请求总数阀值:在快照时间窗内,必须满足请求总数阀值才有资格熔断。默认为20,意味着在10秒内,如果该hystrix命令的调用次数不足20次,即使所有的请求都超时或其他原因失败,断路器都不会打开。
错误百分比阀值:当请求总数在快照时间窗内超过了阀值,比如发生了30次调用,如果在这30次调用中,有15次发生了超时异常,也就是超过50%的错误百分比,在默认设定50%阀值情况下,这时候就会将断路器打开。
1:再有请求调用的时候,将不会调用主逻辑,而是直接调用降级fallback。通过断路器,实现了自动地发现错误并将降级逻辑切换为主逻辑,减少响应延迟的效果。
2:原来的主逻辑要如何恢复呢?
对于这一问题,hystrix也为我们实现了自动恢复功能。
当断路器打开,对主逻辑进行熔断之后,hystrix会启动一个休眠时间窗,在这个时间窗内,降级逻辑是临时的成为主逻辑,当休眠时间窗到期,断路器将进入半开状态,释放一次请求到原来的主逻辑上,如果此次请求正常返回,那么断路器将继续闭合,主逻辑恢复,如果这次请求依然有问题,断路器继续进入打开状态,休眠时间窗重新计时。
@HystrixCommand(fallbackMethod = "fallbackMethod", groupKey = "strGroupCommand", commandKey = "strCommand", threadPoolKey = "strThreadPool", commandProperties = { // 设置隔离策略,THREAD 表示线程池 SEMAPHORE:信号池隔离 @HystrixProperty(name = "execution.isolation.strategy", value = "THREAD"), // 当隔离策略选择信号池隔离的时候,用来设置信号池的大小(最大并发数) @HystrixProperty(name = "execution.isolation.semaphore.maxConcurrentRequests", value = "10"), // 配置命令执行的超时时间 @HystrixProperty(name = "execution.isolation.thread.timeoutinMilliseconds", value = "10"), // 是否启用超时时间 @HystrixProperty(name = "execution.timeout.enabled", value = "true"), // 执行超时的时候是否中断 @HystrixProperty(name = "execution.isolation.thread.interruptOnTimeout", value = "true"), // 执行被取消的时候是否中断 @HystrixProperty(name = "execution.isolation.thread.interruptOnCancel", value = "true"), // 允许回调方法执行的最大并发数 @HystrixProperty(name = "fallback.isolation.semaphore.maxConcurrentRequests", value = "10"), // 服务降级是否启用,是否执行回调函数 @HystrixProperty(name = "fallback.enabled", value = "true"), // 是否启用断路器 @HystrixProperty(name = "circuitBreaker.enabled", value = "true"), // 该属性用来设置在滚动时间窗中,断路器熔断的最小请求数。例如,默认该值为 20 的时候,如果滚动时间窗(默认10秒)内仅收到了19个请求, 即使这19个请求都失败了,断路器也不会打开。 @HystrixProperty(name = "circuitBreaker.requestVolumeThreshold", value = "20"), // 该属性用来设置在滚动时间窗中,表示在滚动时间窗中,在请求数量超过 circuitBreaker.requestVolumeThreshold 的情况下,如果错误请求数的百分比超过50, 就把断路器设置为 "打开" 状态,否则就设置为 "关闭" 状态。 @HystrixProperty(name = "circuitBreaker.errorThresholdPercentage", value = "50"), // 该属性用来设置当断路器打开之后的休眠时间窗。 休眠时间窗结束之后,会将断路器置为 "半开" 状态,尝试熔断的请求命令,如果依然失败就将断路器继续设置为 "打开" 状态,如果成功就设置为 "关闭" 状态。 @HystrixProperty(name = "circuitBreaker.sleepWindowinMilliseconds", value = "5000"), // 断路器强制打开 @HystrixProperty(name = "circuitBreaker.forceOpen", value = "false"), // 断路器强制关闭 @HystrixProperty(name = "circuitBreaker.forceClosed", value = "false"), // 滚动时间窗设置,该时间用于断路器判断健康度时需要收集信息的持续时间 @HystrixProperty(name = "metrics.rollingStats.timeinMilliseconds", value = "10000"), // 该属性用来设置滚动时间窗统计指标信息时划分"桶"的数量,断路器在收集指标信息的时候会根据设置的时间窗长度拆分成多个 "桶" 来累计各度量值,每个"桶"记录了一段时间内的采集指标。 // 比如 10 秒内拆分成 10 个"桶"收集这样,所以 timeinMilliseconds 必须能被 numBuckets 整除。否则会抛异常 @HystrixProperty(name = "metrics.rollingStats.numBuckets", value = "10"), // 该属性用来设置对命令执行的延迟是否使用百分位数来跟踪和计算。如果设置为 false, 那么所有的概要统计都将返回 -1。 @HystrixProperty(name = "metrics.rollingPercentile.enabled", value = "false"), // 该属性用来设置百分位统计的滚动窗口的持续时间,单位为毫秒。 @HystrixProperty(name = "metrics.rollingPercentile.timeInMilliseconds", value = "60000"), // 该属性用来设置百分位统计滚动窗口中使用 “ 桶 ”的数量。 @HystrixProperty(name = "metrics.rollingPercentile.numBuckets", value = "60000"), // 该属性用来设置在执行过程中每个 “桶” 中保留的最大执行次数。如果在滚动时间窗内发生超过该设定值的执行次数, // 就从最初的位置开始重写。例如,将该值设置为100, 滚动窗口为10秒,若在10秒内一个 “桶 ”中发生了500次执行, // 那么该 “桶” 中只保留 最后的100次执行的统计。另外,增加该值的大小将会增加内存量的消耗,并增加排序百分位数所需的计算时间。 @HystrixProperty(name = "metrics.rollingPercentile.bucketSize", value = "100"), // 该属性用来设置采集影响断路器状态的健康快照(请求的成功、 错误百分比)的间隔等待时间。 @HystrixProperty(name = "metrics.healthSnapshot.intervalinMilliseconds", value = "500"), // 是否开启请求缓存 @HystrixProperty(name = "requestCache.enabled", value = "true"), // HystrixCommand的执行和事件是否打印日志到 HystrixRequestLog 中 @HystrixProperty(name = "requestLog.enabled", value = "true"), }, threadPoolProperties = { // 该参数用来设置执行命令线程池的核心线程数,该值也就是命令执行的最大并发量 @HystrixProperty(name = "coreSize", value = "10"), // 该参数用来设置线程池的最大队列大小。当设置为 -1 时,线程池将使用 SynchronousQueue 实现的队列,否则将使用 LinkedBlockingQueue 实现的队列。 @HystrixProperty(name = "maxQueueSize", value = "-1"), // 该参数用来为队列设置拒绝阈值。 通过该参数, 即使队列没有达到最大值也能拒绝请求。 // 该参数主要是对 LinkedBlockingQueue 队列的补充,因为 LinkedBlockingQueue 队列不能动态修改它的对象大小,而通过该属性就可以调整拒绝请求的队列大小了。 @HystrixProperty(name = "queueSizeRejectionThreshold", value = "5"), } ) public String doSomething() { ... }
服务限流 - 后面高级篇讲解alibaba的Sentinel说明
官方解释
tips:如果我们没有为命令实现降级逻辑或者在降级处理逻辑中抛出了异常,Hystrix依然会运回一个Obsevable对象,但是它不会发射任结果数惯,而是通过onError方法通知命令立即中断请求,并通过onError方法将引起命令失败的异常发送给调用者。
除了隔离依赖服务的调用以外,Hystrix还提供了准实时的调用监控(Hystrix Dashboard),Hystrix会持续地记录所有通过Hystrix发起的请求的执行信息,并以统计报表和图形的形式展示给用户,包括每秒执行多少请求多少成功,多少失败等。
Netflix通过hystrix-metrics-event-stream项目实现了对以上指标的监控。Spring Cloud也提供了Hystrix Dashboard的整合,对监控内容转化成可视化界面。
新建cloud-consumer-hystrix-dashboard9001工程
<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?> <project xmlns="http://maven.apache.org/POM/4.0.0" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xsi:schemaLocation="http://maven.apache.org/POM/4.0.0 http://maven.apache.org/xsd/maven-4.0.0.xsd"> <parent> <artifactId>com.dance.springcloud</artifactId> <groupId>com.dance</groupId> <version>1.0-SNAPSHOT</version> </parent> <modelVersion>4.0.0</modelVersion> <artifactId>cloud-consumer-hystrix-dashboard9001</artifactId> <properties> <maven.compiler.source>8</maven.compiler.source> <maven.compiler.target>8</maven.compiler.target> </properties> <dependencies> <dependency> <groupId>org.springframework.cloud</groupId> <artifactId>spring-cloud-starter-netflix-hystrix-dashboard</artifactId> </dependency> <dependency> <groupId>org.springframework.boot</groupId> <artifactId>spring-boot-starter-actuator</artifactId> </dependency> <dependency> <groupId>org.springframework.boot</groupId> <artifactId>spring-boot-devtools</artifactId> <scope>runtime</scope> <optional>true</optional> </dependency> <dependency> <groupId>org.projectlombok</groupId> <artifactId>lombok</artifactId> <optional>true</optional> </dependency> <dependency> <groupId>org.springframework.boot</groupId> <artifactId>spring-boot-starter-test</artifactId> <scope>test</scope> </dependency> </dependencies> </project>
server: port: 9001
package com.dance.springcloud; import org.springframework.boot.SpringApplication; import org.springframework.boot.autoconfigure.SpringBootApplication; import org.springframework.cloud.netflix.hystrix.dashboard.EnableHystrixDashboard; @SpringBootApplication // 开启Hystrix仪表盘 @EnableHystrixDashboard public class HystrixDashboardMain9001 { public static void main(String[] args) { SpringApplication.run(HystrixDashboardMain9001.class, args); } }
<dependency> <groupId>org.springframework.boot</groupId> <artifactId>spring-boot-starter-actuator</artifactId> </dependency>
注意:新版本Hystrix需要在主启动类PaymentHystrixMain8001中指定监控路径
查看是否依赖监控,如果没有就添加一下
<dependency> <groupId>org.springframework.boot</groupId> <artifactId>spring-boot-starter-actuator</artifactId> </dependency>
package com.dance.springcloud; import com.netflix.hystrix.contrib.metrics.eventstream.HystrixMetricsStreamServlet; import org.springframework.boot.SpringApplication; import org.springframework.boot.autoconfigure.SpringBootApplication; import org.springframework.boot.web.servlet.ServletRegistrationBean; import org.springframework.cloud.client.circuitbreaker.EnableCircuitBreaker; import org.springframework.cloud.netflix.eureka.EnableEurekaClient; import org.springframework.context.annotation.Bean; /** * */ @SpringBootApplication @EnableEurekaClient // 开启降级激活 @EnableCircuitBreaker public class PaymentHystrixMain8001 { public static void main(String[] args) { SpringApplication.run(PaymentHystrixMain8001.class, args); } /** *此配置是为了服务监控而配置,与服务容错本身无关,springcloud升级后的坑 *ServletRegistrationBean因为springboot的默认路径不是"/hystrix.stream", *只要在自己的项目里配置上下面的servlet就可以了 *否则,Unable to connect to Command Metric Stream 404 */ @Bean public ServletRegistrationBean getServlet() { HystrixMetricsStreamServlet streamServlet = new HystrixMetricsStreamServlet(); ServletRegistrationBean registrationBean = new ServletRegistrationBean(streamServlet); registrationBean.setLoadOnStartup(1); registrationBean.addUrlMappings("/hystrix.stream"); registrationBean.setName("HystrixMetricsStreamServlet"); return registrationBean; } }
9001监控8001 - 填写监控地址 - http://localhost:8001/hystrix.stream 到 http://localhost:9001/hystrix页面的输入框。
测试通过
先访问正确地址,再访问错误地址,再正确地址,会发现图示断路器都是慢慢放开的。
这个东西看着挺多的,但是其实没多少~, 其实如果有喜欢前端的小伙伴,学的还可以的话,可以扒一扒这个UI监控调用的接口,然后自己实现一套漂亮的监控界面
作者:彼岸舞
时间:2021\08\23
内容关于:Spring Cloud H版
本文属于作者原创,未经允许,禁止转发