在基于 Red Hat 的 Linux 上,iptables 带有某些默认规则。清理它们并从头开始是个好主意。
在我们开始学习如何使用 iptables 添加防火墙规则之前,了解如何清理所有现有的默认规则并从头开始一切会很有帮助。
如下图启动iptables防火墙。
# service iptables status Firewall is stopped. # service iptables start Applying iptables firewall rules: [ OK ] Loading additional iptables modules: ip_conntrack_netbios_n[ OK ]
可以看到下面的默认规则:iptables -> Filter Table -> RH-Firewall-1-INPUT Chain,如下图。您还可以使用 'iptables –list' 查看所有规则。
# service iptables status Table: filter Chain INPUT (policy ACCEPT) num target prot opt source destination 1 RH-Firewall-1-INPUT all -- 0.0.0.0/0 0.0.0.0/0 Chain FORWARD (policy ACCEPT) num target prot opt source destination 1 RH-Firewall-1-INPUT all -- 0.0.0.0/0 0.0.0.0/0 Chain OUTPUT (policy ACCEPT) num target prot opt source destination Chain RH-Firewall-1-INPUT (2 references) num target prot opt source destination 1 ACCEPT all -- 0.0.0.0/0 0.0.0.0/0 2 ACCEPT icmp -- 0.0.0.0/0 0.0.0.0/0 icmp type 255 3 ACCEPT esp -- 0.0.0.0/0 0.0.0.0/0 4 ACCEPT ah -- 0.0.0.0/0 0.0.0.0/0 5 ACCEPT udp -- 0.0.0.0/0 224.0.0.251 udp dpt:5353 6 ACCEPT udp -- 0.0.0.0/0 0.0.0.0/0 udp dpt:631 7 ACCEPT tcp -- 0.0.0.0/0 0.0.0.0/0 tcp dpt:631 8 ACCEPT all -- 0.0.0.0/0 0.0.0.0/0 state RELATED,ESTABLISHED 9 ACCEPT tcp -- 0.0.0.0/0 0.0.0.0/0 state NEW tcp dpt:22 10 REJECT all -- 0.0.0.0/0 0.0.0.0/0 reject-with icmp-host-prohibited
请注意,iptables 规则存储在 /etc/sysconfig/iptables 文件中。如果您查看此文件,您将看到所有默认规则。
# cat /etc/sysconfig/iptables # Firewall configuration written by system-config-securitylevel # Manual customization of this file is not recommended. *filter :INPUT ACCEPT [0:0] :FORWARD ACCEPT [0:0] :OUTPUT ACCEPT [0:0] :RH-Firewall-1-INPUT - [0:0] -A INPUT -j RH-Firewall-1-INPUT -A FORWARD -j RH-Firewall-1-INPUT -A RH-Firewall-1-INPUT -i lo -j ACCEPT -A RH-Firewall-1-INPUT -p icmp --icmp-type any -j ACCEPT -A RH-Firewall-1-INPUT -p 50 -j ACCEPT -A RH-Firewall-1-INPUT -p 51 -j ACCEPT -A RH-Firewall-1-INPUT -p udp --dport 5353 -d 224.0.0.251 -j ACCEPT -A RH-Firewall-1-INPUT -p udp -m udp --dport 631 -j ACCEPT -A RH-Firewall-1-INPUT -p tcp -m tcp --dport 631 -j ACCEPT -A RH-Firewall-1-INPUT -m state --state ESTABLISHED,RELATED -j ACCEPT -A RH-Firewall-1-INPUT -m state --state NEW -m tcp -p tcp --dport 22 -j ACCEPT -A RH-Firewall-1-INPUT -j REJECT --reject-with icmp-host-prohibited COMMIT
使用 'iptables –flush' 选项暂时删除所有规则。
# iptables --flush # iptables --list Chain INPUT (policy ACCEPT) target prot opt source destination Chain FORWARD (policy ACCEPT) target prot opt source destination Chain OUTPUT (policy ACCEPT) target prot opt source destination Chain RH-Firewall-1-INPUT (0 references) target prot opt source destination
在“iptables –flush”之后,如果您重新启动 iptables,您将再次看到所有默认规则。所以,–flush 只是暂时的。
# service iptables stop # service iptables start # iptables --list
在删除所有防火墙规则之前,您将在 /etc/sysconfig/iptables 文件中看到以下内容。
# cat /etc/sysconfig/iptables # Firewall configuration written by system-config-securitylevel # Manual customization of this file is not recommended. *filter :INPUT ACCEPT [0:0] :FORWARD ACCEPT [0:0] :OUTPUT ACCEPT [0:0] :RH-Firewall-1-INPUT - [0:0] -A INPUT -j RH-Firewall-1-INPUT -A FORWARD -j RH-Firewall-1-INPUT -A RH-Firewall-1-INPUT -i lo -j ACCEPT -A RH-Firewall-1-INPUT -p icmp --icmp-type any -j ACCEPT -A RH-Firewall-1-INPUT -p 50 -j ACCEPT -A RH-Firewall-1-INPUT -p 51 -j ACCEPT -A RH-Firewall-1-INPUT -p udp --dport 5353 -d 224.0.0.251 -j ACCEPT -A RH-Firewall-1-INPUT -p udp -m udp --dport 631 -j ACCEPT -A RH-Firewall-1-INPUT -p tcp -m tcp --dport 631 -j ACCEPT -A RH-Firewall-1-INPUT -m state --state ESTABLISHED,RELATED -j ACCEPT -A RH-Firewall-1-INPUT -m state --state NEW -m tcp -p tcp --dport 22 -j ACCEPT -A RH-Firewall-1-INPUT -j REJECT --reject-with icmp-host-prohibited COMMIT
First, flush all these rules temporarily, as we discussed above.
首先,正如我们上面讨论的那样,暂时刷新所有这些规则。
# iptables --flush
接下来,使用“service iptables save”将当前的 iptables(它是空的,因为我们刚刚刷新它)保存到 /etc/sysconfig/iptables 文件以供永久使用
# service iptables save Saving firewall rules to /etc/sysconfig/iptables: [ OK ]
最后,查看 /etc/sysconfig/iptables 以确保没有规则。
# cat /etc/sysconfig/iptables # Generated by iptables-save v1.3.5 on Thu Oct 28 08:44:01 2020 *filter :INPUT ACCEPT [102:7668] :FORWARD ACCEPT [0:0] :OUTPUT ACCEPT [78:8560] COMMIT # Completed on Thu Oct 28 08:44:01 2020
现在,如果您停止并启动 iptables,您将不再看到默认规则。因此,请记住执行“service iptables save”以使“iptables –flush”永久化。
# service iptables stop # service iptables start # iptables --list
现在您了解了iptables的基础知识,以及如何清理所有现有规则以从头开始。