原文

简单值

类型不会自动转换，需要手动转换：

let label = "The width is "
let width = 94
let widthLabel = label + String(width)

字符串插件语法 ()

let apples = 3
let oranges = 5
let appleSummary = "I have \(apples) apples."
let fruitSummary = "I have \(apples + oranges) pieces of fruit."

数字与字典

var shoppingList = ["catfish", "water", "tulips", "blue paint"]
shoppingList[1] = "bottle of water"

var occupations = [
    "Malcolm": "Captain",
    "Kaylee": "Mechanic",
]
occupations["Jayne"] = "Public Relations"

let emptyArray: [String] = []
let emptyDictionary: [String: Float] = [:]

元组

var m: (max: Int, Int, sum:Int) = (1,2,3)
print(m.0)
print(m.max)
print(m.1)

控制流语句

for ... in ...

// 遍历数组
let individualScores = [75, 43, 103, 87, 12]
var teamScore = 0
for score in individualScores {
    if score > 50 {
        teamScore += 3
    } else {
        teamScore += 1
    }
}
print(teamScore)

// 遍历字典
let interestingNumbers = [
    "Prime": [2, 3, 5, 7, 11, 13],
    "Fibonacci": [1, 1, 2, 3, 5, 8],
    "Square": [1, 4, 9, 16, 25],
]
var largest = 0
for (_, numbers) in interestingNumbers {
    for number in numbers {
        if number > largest {
            largest = number
        }
    }
}
print(largest)
// 输出 "25"

if let xxx = XXX

var optionalString: String? = "Hello"
print(optionalString == nil)

var optionalName: String? = "John Appleseed"
var greeting = "Hello!"
if let name = optionalName {
    greeting = "Hello, \(name)"
}

?? 默认值

let nickName: String? = nil
let fullName: String = "John Appleseed"
let informalGreeting = "Hi \(nickName ?? fullName)"

级联 ?

let optionalSquare: Square? = Square(sideLength: 2.5, name: "optional square")
let sideLength = optionalSquare?.sideLength

switch case

let vegetable = "red pepper"
switch vegetable {
case "celery":
    print("Add some raisins and make ants on a log.")
case "cucumber", "watercress":
    print("That would make a good tea sandwich.")
case let x where x.hasSuffix("pepper"):
    print("Is it a spicy \(x)?")
default:
    print("Everything tastes good in soup.")
}

for ... in range

//不包含上界
var total = 0
for i in 0..<4 {
	total += i
}
print(total)

//包含上界
var total = 0
for i in 0...4 {
	total += i
}
print(total)

函数与闭包

函数

func greet(person: String, day: String) -> String {
    return "Hello \(person), today is \(day)."
}
greet(person:"Bob", day: "Tuesday")

参数的别名

func greet(_ person: String, on day: String) -> String {
    return "Hello \(person), today is \(day)."
}
greet("John", on: "Wednesday")

函数闭包

函数作为返回值

func makeIncrementer() -> ((Int) -> Int) {
    func addOne(number: Int) -> Int {
        return 1 + number
    }
    return addOne
}
var increment = makeIncrementer()
increment(7)

函数作为参数

func hasAnyMatches(list: [Int], condition: (Int) -> Bool) -> Bool {
    for item in list {
        if condition(item) {
            return true
        }
    }
    return false
}
func lessThanTen(number: Int) -> Bool {
    return number < 10
}
var numbers = [20, 19, 7, 12]
hasAnyMatches(list: numbers, condition: lessThanTen)

匿名函数

numbers.map({
    (number: Int) -> Int in
    let result = 3 * number
    return result
})

注：其中 in 前面是函数签名，后面是函数 body

简写 1

let mappedNumbers = numbers.map({ number in 3 * number })
print(mappedNumbers)

简写 2

let sortedNumbers = numbers.sorted { $0 > $1 }
print(sortedNumbers)

对象和类

类与构造函数

class NamedShape {
    var numberOfSides: Int = 0
    var name: String

    init(name: String) {
        self.name = name
    }

    func simpleDescription() -> String {
        return "A shape with \(numberOfSides) sides."
    }
}

注：每个属性都要有初始化 —— 无论是通过声明（就像 numberOfSides）还是通过构造器（就像 name）。

getter/setter 的使用

class EquilateralTriangle: NamedShape {
    var sideLength: Double = 0.0

    init(sideLength: Double, name: String) {
        self.sideLength = sideLength
        super.init(name: name)
        numberOfSides = 3
    }

    var perimeter: Double {
        get {
            return 3.0 * sideLength
        }
        set {
            sideLength = newValue / 3.0
        }
    }

    override func simpleDescription() -> String {
        return "An equilateral triangle with sides of length \(sideLength)."
    }
}
var triangle = EquilateralTriangle(sideLength: 3.1, name: "a triangle")
print(triangle.perimeter)
triangle.perimeter = 9.9
print(triangle.sideLength)

willSet/didSet 在设置一个新值之前或者之后运行代码

略

枚举

enum Rank: Int {
    case ace = 1
    case two, three, four, five, six, seven, eight, nine, ten
    case jack, queen, king
    func simpleDescription() -> String {
        switch self {
        case .ace:
            return "ace"
        case .jack:
            return "jack"
        case .queen:
            return "queen"
        case .king:
            return "king"
        default:
            return String(self.rawValue)
        }
    }
}
let ace = Rank.ace
let aceRawValue = ace.rawValue

if let convertedRank = Rank(rawValue: 3) {
    let threeDescription = convertedRank.simpleDescription()
}

带构造参数的枚举类

enum ServerResponse {
    case result(String, String)
    case failure(String)
}

let success = ServerResponse.result("6:00 am", "8:09 pm")
let failure = ServerResponse.failure("Out of cheese.")

switch success {
// 这里枚举类型是已知的，子类型未知，故写作 .result
case let .result(sunrise, sunset):
    print("Sunrise is at \(sunrise) and sunset is at \(sunset)")
case let .failure(message):
    print("Failure...  \(message)")
}

结构体

使用 struct 来创建一个结构体。结构体和类有很多相同的地方，包括方法和构造器。它们之间最大的一个区别就是结构体是传值，类是传引用。

struct Card {
    var rank: Rank
    var suit: Suit
    func simpleDescription() -> String {
        return "The \(rank.simpleDescription()) of \(suit.simpleDescription())"
    }
}
let threeOfSpades = Card(rank: .three, suit: .spades)
let threeOfSpadesDescription = threeOfSpades.simpleDescription()

协议

协议

protocol ExampleProtocol {
    var simpleDescription: String { get }
    mutating func adjust()
}

类、枚举和结构体都可以遵循协议

class SimpleClass: ExampleProtocol {
    var simpleDescription: String = "A very simple class."
    var anotherProperty: Int = 69105
    func adjust() {
        simpleDescription += "  Now 100% adjusted."
    }
}
var a = SimpleClass()
a.adjust()
let aDescription = a.simpleDescription

struct SimpleStructure: ExampleProtocol {
    var simpleDescription: String = "A simple structure"
    mutating func adjust() {
        simpleDescription += " (adjusted)"
    }
}
var b = SimpleStructure()
b.adjust()
let bDescription = b.simpleDescription

扩展

使用 extension 来为现有的类型添加功能，比如新的方法和计算属性。你可以使用扩展让某个在别处声明的类型来遵守某个协议，这同样适用于从外部库或者框架引入的类型

extension Int: ExampleProtocol {
    var simpleDescription: String {
        return "The number \(self)"
    }
    mutating func adjust() {
        self += 42
    }
}
print(7.simpleDescription)

错误处理

① do...catch

do {
    let printerResponse = try send(job: 1440, toPrinter: "Gutenberg")
    print(printerResponse)
} catch PrinterError.onFire {
    print("I'll just put this over here, with the rest of the fire.")
} catch let printerError as PrinterError {
    print("Printer error: \(printerError).")
} catch {
    print(error)
}

注：

在 do 代码块中，使用 try 来标记可以抛出错误的代码。在 catch 代码块中，除非你另外命名，否则错误会自动命名为 error 。

② 错误断言，出现异常直接 nil，否则为可选值

let printerSuccess = try? send(job: 1884, toPrinter: "Mergenthaler")
let printerFailure = try? send(job: 1885, toPrinter: "Never Has Toner")

③ 资源回收 defer

var fridgeIsOpen = false
let fridgeContent = ["milk", "eggs", "leftovers"]

func fridgeContains(_ food: String) -> Bool {
	fridgeIsOpen = true
	defer {
		fridgeIsOpen = false
	}
	
	let result = fridgeContent.contains(food)
	return result
}
fridgeContains("banana")
print(fridgeIsOpen)

泛型

// 重新实现 Swift 标准库中的可选类型
enum OptionalValue<Wrapped> {
    case none
    case some(Wrapped)
}
var possibleInteger: OptionalValue<Int> = .none
possibleInteger = .some(100)

注：这里 .none 是因为父类型已经给出声明，故省略。

泛型限定

func anyCommonElements<T: Sequence, U: Sequence>(_ lhs: T, _ rhs: U) -> Bool
    where T.Element: Equatable, T.Element == U.Element
{
    for lhsItem in lhs {
        for rhsItem in rhs {
            if lhsItem == rhsItem {
                return true
            }
        }
    }
    return false
}
anyCommonElements([1, 2, 3], [3])

注：

在类型名后面使用 where 来指定对类型的一系列需求，比如，限定类型实现某一个协议，限定两个类型是相同的，或者限定某个类必须有一个特定的父类。

注2:

<T: Equatable> 和 <T> ... where T: Equatable 的写法是等价的。