消息队列MQ

你好RabbitMQ消息队列

本文主要是介绍你好RabbitMQ消息队列,对大家解决编程问题具有一定的参考价值,需要的程序猿们随着小编来一起学习吧!

消息队列

RabbitMQ是一个消息队列,它能够接收和转发消息。这个过程就像寄快递一样,把物件打包给快递小哥,快递小哥会负责把物件派送到正确的地址。

生产者和消费者

生产者就是用来生产消息(发送消息)的:

img

消费者就是用来消费消息(接收消息)的:

img

在生产者和消费者之间的就是消息队列

img

它相当于消息缓冲区,最多能存储多少数据只受限于机器的内存和磁盘。多个生产者可以发送消息给同一个队列,多个消费者也可以从同一个队列接收消息。

(P) -> [|||] -> (C)

Windows安装RabbitMQ

参考mall商城学习教程的RabbitMQ部分内容:

http://www.macrozheng.com/#/architect/mall_arch_09?id=rabbitmq

原文中rabbitmq-server-3.7.14.exe下载地址失效了,改从这里下载:

https://github.com/rabbitmq/rabbitmq-server/releases/tag/v3.7.14

安装完成后,确认服务已开启:

image-20220326205428623

进入RabbitMQ安装目录下的sbin目录:

image-20220326204901185

在地址栏输入cmd并回车启动命令行,然后输入以下命令启动管理功能:

rabbitmq-plugins enable rabbitmq_management

RabbitMQ运行在本地机器上:

http://localhost:15672/

image-20220326182614819

默认用户名密码为guest / guest:

image-20220326205726347

Java客户端

amqp-client-5.7.1.jar是RabbitMQ官方提供的Java客户端:

https://www.rabbitmq.com/tutorials/tutorial-one-java.html

image-20220326142538038

既可以直接下载jar包,也可以在Maven中添加依赖:

<dependency>
    <groupId>com.rabbitmq</groupId>
    <artifactId>amqp-client</artifactId>
    <version>5.14.2</version>
</dependency>

生产消息

img

导包:

import com.rabbitmq.client.ConnectionFactory;
import com.rabbitmq.client.Connection;
import com.rabbitmq.client.Channel;

创建类Send,定义队列名为hello:

public class Send {
  private final static String QUEUE_NAME = "hello";
  public static void main(String[] argv) throws Exception {
      ...
  }
}

建立连接:

ConnectionFactory factory = new ConnectionFactory();
factory.setHost("localhost");
try (Connection connection = factory.newConnection();
     Channel channel = connection.createChannel()) {

}
  • 代码中创建了一个Connection实例和一个Channel实例,它们都用try语句包裹了起来,这是因为Connection和Channel类都实现了java.io.Closeable,try语句会自动关闭连接。

声明消息队列,并发送Hello World!消息到队列中:

channel.queueDeclare(QUEUE_NAME, false, false, false, null);
String message = "Hello World!";
channel.basicPublish("", QUEUE_NAME, null, message.getBytes());
System.out.println(" [x] Sent '" + message + "'");
  • 声明消息队列是个幂等操作,重复声明不会重复创建队列。
  • 消息体是字节数组(byte array)。

Send.java完整代码:

https://github.com/rabbitmq/rabbitmq-tutorials/blob/master/java/Send.java

import com.rabbitmq.client.Channel;
import com.rabbitmq.client.Connection;
import com.rabbitmq.client.ConnectionFactory;

import java.nio.charset.StandardCharsets;

public class Send {

    private final static String QUEUE_NAME = "hello";

    public static void main(String[] argv) throws Exception {
        ConnectionFactory factory = new ConnectionFactory();
        factory.setHost("localhost");
        try (Connection connection = factory.newConnection();
             Channel channel = connection.createChannel()) {
            channel.queueDeclare(QUEUE_NAME, false, false, false, null);
            String message = "Hello World!";
            channel.basicPublish("", QUEUE_NAME, null, message.getBytes(StandardCharsets.UTF_8));
            System.out.println(" [x] Sent '" + message + "'");
        }
    }
}

消费消息

[|||] -> (C)

消费消息的代码跟生产消息的代码类似,也需要导包,建立连接:

import com.rabbitmq.client.Channel;
import com.rabbitmq.client.Connection;
import com.rabbitmq.client.ConnectionFactory;
import com.rabbitmq.client.DeliverCallback;

public class Recv {

  private final static String QUEUE_NAME = "hello";

  public static void main(String[] argv) throws Exception {
    ConnectionFactory factory = new ConnectionFactory();
    factory.setHost("localhost");
    Connection connection = factory.newConnection();
    Channel channel = connection.createChannel();

    channel.queueDeclare(QUEUE_NAME, false, false, false, null);
    System.out.println(" [*] Waiting for messages. To exit press CTRL+C");

  }
}
  • 消费者也声明了一个消息队列,因为有可能消费者比生产者先启动。这样能确保消费消息时,有队列存在。
  • 消费者没有用try语句,因为消费者一直在异步监听消息,如果把连接关闭了,它就没法消费了。

导包中有个DeliverCallback,通过它就能消费消息:

DeliverCallback deliverCallback = (consumerTag, delivery) -> {
    String message = new String(delivery.getBody(), "UTF-8");
    System.out.println(" [x] Received '" + message + "'");
};
channel.basicConsume(QUEUE_NAME, true, deliverCallback, consumerTag -> { });

因为发送消息和接收消息都是异步的,所以它叫做,callback,回调。

Recv.java完整代码:

https://github.com/rabbitmq/rabbitmq-tutorials/blob/master/java/Recv.java

import com.rabbitmq.client.Channel;
import com.rabbitmq.client.Connection;
import com.rabbitmq.client.ConnectionFactory;
import com.rabbitmq.client.DeliverCallback;

import java.nio.charset.StandardCharsets;

public class Recv {

    private final static String QUEUE_NAME = "hello";

    public static void main(String[] argv) throws Exception {
        ConnectionFactory factory = new ConnectionFactory();
        factory.setHost("localhost");
        Connection connection = factory.newConnection();
        Channel channel = connection.createChannel();

        channel.queueDeclare(QUEUE_NAME, false, false, false, null);
        System.out.println(" [*] Waiting for messages. To exit press CTRL+C");

        DeliverCallback deliverCallback = (consumerTag, delivery) -> {
            String message = new String(delivery.getBody(), StandardCharsets.UTF_8);
            System.out.println(" [x] Received '" + message + "'");
        };
        channel.basicConsume(QUEUE_NAME, true, deliverCallback, consumerTag -> { });
    }
}

运行代码

运行Send.java生产消息后,能看到RabbitMQ后台已经有1条消息:

image-20220326210013199

和1个消息队列:

image-20220326210233345

并且发送完成后就断开了连接。

运行Recv.java消费消息后,能看到队列中已经没有消息了:

image-20220326210451253

而消费者仍然保持着连接,持续监控新消息。如果把消费者停掉,连接就会断开。

从消息队列中能看到整个过程如下图所示:

image-20220326211204785

参考资料:

https://www.rabbitmq.com/tutorials/tutorial-one-java.html

http://www.macrozheng.com/#/architect/mall_arch_09?id=rabbitmq

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