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本文介绍如何在MGR集群前端部署MySQL Router以实现读写分离、读负载均衡,以及故障自动转移。
MySQL Router是一个轻量级的中间件,它采用多端口的方案实现读写分离以及读负载均衡,而且同时支持mysql和mysql x协议。
建议把MySQL Router部署在应用服务器上,每个应用服务器都部署一套,这样应用程序可以直接连接本机IP,连接的效率更高,而且后端数据库发生变化时,程序端也无需修改IP配置。
MySQL Router第一次启动时要先初始化:
# #参数解释 # 参数 --bootstrap 表示开始初始化 # 参数 GreatSQL@172.16.16.10:3306 是MGR服务专用账号 # --user=mysqlrouter 是运行mysqlrouter进程的系统用户名 # $ mysqlrouter --bootstrap GreatSQL@172.16.16.10:3306 --user=mysqlrouter Please enter MySQL password for GreatSQL: <-- 输入密码 # 然后mysqlrouter开始自动进行初始化 # 它会自动读取MGR的元数据信息,自动生成配置文件 Please enter MySQL password for GreatSQL: # Bootstrapping system MySQL Router instance... - Creating account(s) (only those that are needed, if any) - Using existing certificates from the '/var/lib/mysqlrouter' directory - Verifying account (using it to run SQL queries that would be run by Router) - Storing account in keyring - Adjusting permissions of generated files - Creating configuration /etc/mysqlrouter/mysqlrouter.conf # MySQL Router configured for the InnoDB Cluster 'MGR1' After this MySQL Router has been started with the generated configuration $ /etc/init.d/mysqlrouter restart or $ systemctl start mysqlrouter or $ mysqlrouter -c /etc/mysqlrouter/mysqlrouter.conf the cluster 'MGR1' can be reached by connecting to: ## MySQL Classic protocol <-- MySQL协议的两个端口 - Read/Write Connections: localhost:6446 - Read/Only Connections: localhost:6447 ## MySQL X protocol <-- MySQL X协议的两个端口 - Read/Write Connections: localhost:6448 - Read/Only Connections: localhost:6449
如果想自定义名字和目录,还可以在初始化时自行指定 --name
和 --directory
选项,这样可以实现在同一个服务器上部署多个Router实例
这就初始化完毕了,按照上面的提示,直接启动 mysqlrouter 服务即可:
[root@greatsql]# systemctl start mysqlrouter [root@greatsql]# ps -ef | grep -v grep | grep mysqlrouter mysqlro+ 6026 1 5 09:28 ? 00:00:00 /usr/bin/mysqlrouter [root@greatsql]# netstat -lntp | grep mysqlrouter tcp 0 0 0.0.0.0:6446 0.0.0.0:* LISTEN 6026/mysqlrouter tcp 0 0 0.0.0.0:6447 0.0.0.0:* LISTEN 6026/mysqlrouter tcp 0 0 0.0.0.0:6448 0.0.0.0:* LISTEN 6026/mysqlrouter tcp 0 0 0.0.0.0:6449 0.0.0.0:* LISTEN 6026/mysqlrouter tcp 0 0 0.0.0.0:8443 0.0.0.0:* LISTEN 6026/mysqlrouter
可以看到 mysqlrouter 服务正常启动了。
mysqlrouter 初始化时自动生成的配置文件是 /etc/mysqlrouter/mysqlrouter.conf
,主要是关于R/W、RO不同端口的配置,例如:
[routing:greatsqlMGR_rw] bind_address=0.0.0.0 bind_port=6446 destinations=metadata-cache://greatsqlMGR/?role=PRIMARY routing_strategy=first-available protocol=classic
可以根据需要自行修改绑定的IP地址和端口,也可以在初始化时指定 --conf-base-port
选项自定义初始端口号。
现在,用客户端连接到6446(读写)端口,确认连接的是PRIMARY节点:
$ mysql -h172.16.16.10 -u GreatSQL -p -P6446 Enter password: ... #记住下面几个 MEMBER_ID mysql> select MEMBER_ID,MEMBER_ROLE from performance_schema.replication_group_members; +--------------------------------------+-------------+ | MEMBER_ID | MEMBER_ROLE | +--------------------------------------+-------------+ | 4ebd3504-11d9-11ec-8f92-70b5e873a570 | PRIMARY | | 549b92bf-11d9-11ec-88e1-70b5e873a570 | SECONDARY | | 5596116c-11d9-11ec-8624-70b5e873a570 | SECONDARY | +--------------------------------------+-------------+ mysql> select @@server_uuid; +--------------------------------------+ | @@server_uuid | +--------------------------------------+ | 4ebd3504-11d9-11ec-8f92-70b5e873a570 | +--------------------------------------+ # 确实是连接的PRIMARY节点
同样地,连接6447(只读)端口,确认连接的是SECONDARY节点:
$ mysql -h172.16.16.10 -u GreatSQL -p -P6447 Enter password: ... mysql> select @@server_uuid; +--------------------------------------+ | @@server_uuid | +--------------------------------------+ | 549b92bf-11d9-11ec-88e1-70b5e873a570 | +--------------------------------------+ # 确实是连接的SECONDARY节点
MySQL Router连接读写节点(Primary节点)默认的策略是 first-available,即只连接第一个可用的节点。Router连接只读节点(Secondary节点)默认的策略是 round-robin-with-fallback,会在各个只读节点间轮询。
保持6447端口原有的连接不退出,继续新建到6447端口的连接,查看 server_uuid,这时应该会发现读取到的是其他只读节点的值,因为 mysqlrouter 的读负载均衡机制是在几个只读节点间自动轮询。在默认的 round-robin-with-fallback 策略下,只有当所有只读节点都不可用时,只读请求才会打到PRIMARY节点上。
关于Router的连接策略,可以参考 FAQ文档中的:24. MySQL Router可以配置在MGR主从节点间轮询吗,或者MySQL Router官方文档:routing_strategy参数/选项
接下来模拟PRIMARY节点宕机或切换时,mysqlrouter 也能实现自动故障转移。
登入MGR集群任意节点:
$ mysqlsh --uri GreatSQL@172.16.16.10:3306 ... MySQL 172.16.16.10:3306 ssl JS > var c=dba.getCluster(); MySQL 172.16.16.10:3306 ssl JS > c.setPrimaryInstance('172.16.16.11:3306'); <-- 切换PRIMARY节点 Setting instance '172.16.16.11:3306' as the primary instance of cluster 'MGR1'... Instance '172.16.16.10:3306' was switched from PRIMARY to SECONDARY. <-- 切换了,从PRIMARY到SECONDARY Instance '172.16.16.11:3306' was switched from SECONDARY to PRIMARY. <-- 切换了,从SECONDARY到PRIMARY Instance '172.16.16.12:3306' remains SECONDARY. <-- 保持不变 WARNING: The cluster internal session is not the primary member anymore. For cluster management operations please obtain a fresh cluster handle using dba.getCluster(). The instance '172.16.16.11:3306' was successfully elected as primary.
回到前面连接6446端口的那个会话,再次查询 server_uuid,此时会发现连接自动断开了:
mysql> select @@server_uuid; ERROR 2013 (HY000): Lost connection to MySQL server during query mysql> select @@server_uuid; ERROR 2006 (HY000): MySQL server has gone away No connection. Trying to reconnect... Connection id: 157990 Current database: *** NONE *** +--------------------------------------+ | @@server_uuid | +--------------------------------------+ | 549b92bf-11d9-11ec-88e1-70b5e873a570 | <-- 确认server_uuid变成新的 +--------------------------------------+
这就实现了自动故障转移。
至此,利用MySQL Router配合GreatSQL构建一套支持读写分离、读负载均衡以及故障自动转移的MGR集群就部署完毕了。
本文介绍了如何利用MySQL Router实现读写分离、读负载均衡,以及故障自动转移,利用MySQL Router可以提升应用端的透明性,后端数据库发生一些变化时,应用端无需跟着频繁变更。