关联列与 sequence 后,即 sequence 属于该列后,drop 表或列时会自动 drop 相关 sequence。
但如果对表或列 rename 后,甚至 rename sequence后,会发生什么呢?
我们来做一下实验。
创建测试表 tb_test_sequence_rename
alvindb=> CREATE TABLE tb_test_sequence_rename ( test_id BIGSERIAL PRIMARY KEY, create_time TIMESTAMP DEFAULT clock_timestamp() ); CREATE TABLE
查看表与 sequence:
alvindb=> \d tb_test_sequence_rename Table "alvin.tb_test_sequence_rename" Column | Type | Collation | Nullable | Default -------------+-----------------------------+-----------+----------+---------------------------------------------------------- test_id | bigint | | not null | nextval('tb_test_sequence_rename_test_id_seq'::regclass) create_time | timestamp without time zone | | | clock_timestamp() Indexes: "tb_test_sequence_rename_pkey" PRIMARY KEY, btree (test_id) alvindb=> \d tb_test_sequence_rename_test_id_seq Sequence "alvin.tb_test_sequence_rename_test_id_seq" Type | Start | Minimum | Maximum | Increment | Cycles? | Cache --------+-------+---------+---------------------+-----------+---------+------- bigint | 1 | 1 | 9223372036854775807 | 1 | no | 1 Owned by: alvin.tb_test_sequence_rename.test_id alvindb=>
对表进行 rename :
alvindb=> ALTER TABLE tb_test_sequence_rename RENAME TO tb_test_sequence_rename2; ALTER TABLE
通过如下结果,我们可以看到, rename 表后 'Owned by' 也会随之自动变化。
alvindb=> \d tb_test_sequence_rename2 Table "alvin.tb_test_sequence_rename2" Column | Type | Collation | Nullable | Default -------------+-----------------------------+-----------+----------+---------------------------------------------------------- test_id | bigint | | not null | nextval('tb_test_sequence_rename_test_id_seq'::regclass) create_time | timestamp without time zone | | | clock_timestamp() Indexes: "tb_test_sequence_rename_pkey" PRIMARY KEY, btree (test_id) alvindb=> \d tb_test_sequence_rename_test_id_seq Sequence "alvin.tb_test_sequence_rename_test_id_seq" Type | Start | Minimum | Maximum | Increment | Cycles? | Cache --------+-------+---------+---------------------+-----------+---------+------- bigint | 1 | 1 | 9223372036854775807 | 1 | no | 1 Owned by: alvin.tb_test_sequence_rename2.test_id alvindb=>
我们再 rename 列试一下,
alvindb=> ALTER TABLE tb_test_sequence_rename2 RENAME test_id TO test_id2; ALTER TABLE
通过如下结果,我们可以看到, rename 列后 'Owned by' 也会随之自动变化。
alvindb=> \d tb_test_sequence_rename2 Table "alvin.tb_test_sequence_rename2" Column | Type | Collation | Nullable | Default -------------+-----------------------------+-----------+----------+---------------------------------------------------------- test_id2 | bigint | | not null | nextval('tb_test_sequence_rename_test_id_seq'::regclass) create_time | timestamp without time zone | | | clock_timestamp() Indexes: "tb_test_sequence_rename_pkey" PRIMARY KEY, btree (test_id2) alvindb=> \d tb_test_sequence_rename_test_id_seq Sequence "alvin.tb_test_sequence_rename_test_id_seq" Type | Start | Minimum | Maximum | Increment | Cycles? | Cache --------+-------+---------+---------------------+-----------+---------+------- bigint | 1 | 1 | 9223372036854775807 | 1 | no | 1 Owned by: alvin.tb_test_sequence_rename2.test_id2 alvindb=>
我们来 rename 一下 sequence,
alvindb=> ALTER SEQUENCE tb_test_sequence_rename_test_id_seq RENAME TO tb_test_sequence_rename_test_id_seq2; ALTER SEQUENCE
通过如下结果,我们可以看到, rename sequence 后 'Owned by' 也会随之自动变化,并且 Default 中的 sequence 也会随之变化。
alvindb=> \d tb_test_sequence_rename2 Table "alvin.tb_test_sequence_rename2" Column | Type | Collation | Nullable | Default -------------+-----------------------------+-----------+----------+----------------------------------------------------------- test_id2 | bigint | | not null | nextval('tb_test_sequence_rename_test_id_seq2'::regclass) create_time | timestamp without time zone | | | clock_timestamp() Indexes: "tb_test_sequence_rename_pkey" PRIMARY KEY, btree (test_id2) alvindb=> \d tb_test_sequence_rename_test_id_seq2 Sequence "alvin.tb_test_sequence_rename_test_id_seq2" Type | Start | Minimum | Maximum | Increment | Cycles? | Cache --------+-------+---------+---------------------+-----------+---------+------- bigint | 1 | 1 | 9223372036854775807 | 1 | no | 1 Owned by: alvin.tb_test_sequence_rename2.test_id2 alvindb=>
通过以上三个 rename 实验,可以发现,正常 rename 不会对 sequence 的使用产生影响。
无论是 rename 表名,列名,还是 sequence 的名字,如我们所期望,PostgreSQL 都会智能地作出相应的修改。
以下表为例,
alvindb=> \d tb_test_bigserial Table "alvin.tb_test_bigserial" Column | Type | Collation | Nullable | Default -------------+-----------------------------+-----------+----------+---------------------------------------------------- test_id | bigint | | not null | nextval('tb_test_bigserial_test_id_seq'::regclass) create_time | timestamp without time zone | | | clock_timestamp() Indexes: "tb_test_bigserial_pkey" PRIMARY KEY, btree (test_id) alvindb=> \d tb_test_bigserial_test_id_seq Sequence "alvin.tb_test_bigserial_test_id_seq" Type | Start | Minimum | Maximum | Increment | Cycles? | Cache --------+-------+---------+---------------------+-----------+---------+------- bigint | 1 | 1 | 9223372036854775807 | 1 | no | 1 Owned by: alvin.tb_test_bigserial.test_id
在一些情况下,为避免 DDL 或大量 DML 对表 tb_test_bigserial
的影响,我们可以通过 RENAME 表的方式实现:
tb_test_bigserial
复制出相同表结构的表 tb_test_bigserial_new
tb_test_bigserial_new
进行 DDL 或 大量 DMLtb_test_bigserial_new
RENAME 回 tb_test_bigserial
根据表 tb_test_bigserial
复制出相同表结构的表 tb_test_bigserial_new
:
alvindb=> CREATE TABLE tb_test_bigserial_new (LIKE tb_test_bigserial INCLUDING ALL); CREATE TABLE alvindb=> \d tb_test_bigserial_new Table "alvin.tb_test_bigserial_new" Column | Type | Collation | Nullable | Default -------------+-----------------------------+-----------+----------+---------------------------------------------------- test_id | bigint | | not null | nextval('tb_test_bigserial_test_id_seq'::regclass) create_time | timestamp without time zone | | | clock_timestamp() Indexes: "tb_test_bigserial_new_pkey" PRIMARY KEY, btree (test_id)
对 tb_test_bigserial_new
进行 DDL 或 大量 DML 后,将 tb_test_bigserial_new
RENAME 回 tb_test_bigserial
:
alvindb=> BEGIN; BEGIN alvindb=> ALTER TABLE tb_test_bigserial RENAME TO tb_test_bigserial_old; ALTER TABLE alvindb=> ALTER TABLE tb_test_bigserial_new RENAME TO tb_test_bigserial; ALTER TABLE alvindb=> END; COMMIT
这时,查看新表结构:
alvindb=> \d tb_test_bigserial Table "alvin.tb_test_bigserial" Column | Type | Collation | Nullable | Default -------------+-----------------------------+-----------+----------+---------------------------------------------------- test_id | bigint | | not null | nextval('tb_test_bigserial_test_id_seq'::regclass) create_time | timestamp without time zone | | | clock_timestamp() Indexes: "tb_test_bigserial_new_pkey" PRIMARY KEY, btree (test_id)
此处,我们只关注 sequence。上述的索引的名字可以根据需要决定是否需要 RENAME 回原来的名字。
查看 sequence,
alvindb=> \d tb_test_bigserial_test_id_seq Sequence "alvin.tb_test_bigserial_test_id_seq" Type | Start | Minimum | Maximum | Increment | Cycles? | Cache --------+-------+---------+---------------------+-----------+---------+------- bigint | 1 | 1 | 9223372036854775807 | 1 | no | 1 Owned by: alvin.tb_test_bigserial_old.test_id
从以上 'Owned by' 可以看出,sequence tb_test_bigserial_test_id_seq
还是归旧表 tb_test_bigserial_old
的列所有。
从上文“rename 对 sequence 的影响”我们知道,这是正常的。
此时 DROP 旧表,会提示新表 tb_test_bigserial
还在依赖 sequence tb_test_bigserial_test_id_seq
。
alvindb=> DROP TABLE tb_test_bigserial_old; ERROR: cannot drop table tb_test_bigserial_old because other objects depend on it DETAIL: default value for column test_id of table tb_test_bigserial depends on sequence tb_test_bigserial_test_id_seq HINT: Use DROP ... CASCADE to drop the dependent objects too. alvindb=>
以下 RENAME 表时关键的一步:
alvindb=> ALTER SEQUENCE tb_test_bigserial_test_id_seq OWNED BY tb_test_bigserial.test_id; ALTER SEQUENCE
通过上述 SQL,sequence tb_test_bigserial_test_id_seq
就归新表的列所有了。
在日常操作中,我们有可能忘记修改 sequence 的所属关系。以致后来 DROP 老表时加了 CASCADE,将 sequence 也一起 DROP 掉了,从而引发问题。
此时 DROP 表就不报错了:
alvindb=> DROP TABLE tb_test_bigserial_old; DROP TABLE
以下是 RENAME 后所期望的结果(注意 sequence 的 'Owned by'):
alvindb=> \d tb_test_bigserial Table "alvin.tb_test_bigserial" Column | Type | Collation | Nullable | Default -------------+-----------------------------+-----------+----------+---------------------------------------------------- test_id | bigint | | not null | nextval('tb_test_bigserial_test_id_seq'::regclass) create_time | timestamp without time zone | | | clock_timestamp() Indexes: "tb_test_bigserial_new_pkey" PRIMARY KEY, btree (test_id) alvindb=> \d tb_test_bigserial_test_id_seq Sequence "alvin.tb_test_bigserial_test_id_seq" Type | Start | Minimum | Maximum | Increment | Cycles? | Cache --------+-------+---------+---------------------+-----------+---------+------- bigint | 1 | 1 | 9223372036854775807 | 1 | no | 1 Owned by: alvin.tb_test_bigserial.test_id
从上面可以看到,sequence 默认的 cache 是1。
在高并发的系统中,为了提高性能,可以增大 cache,如 10,即一次将 sequence 的10个数值 load 到内存中。这样,只需要访问 sequence 1 次,而不是10次。
下面,将 sequence tb_test_bigserial_test_id_seq
的 cache 改成 10:
alvindb=> SELECT pg_backend_pid(); pg_backend_pid ---------------- 16649 (1 row) alvindb=> ALTER SEQUENCE tb_test_bigserial_test_id_seq CACHE 10; ALTER SEQUENCE alvindb=> \d tb_test_bigserial_test_id_seq Sequence "alvin.tb_test_bigserial_test_id_seq" Type | Start | Minimum | Maximum | Increment | Cycles? | Cache --------+-------+---------+---------------------+-----------+---------+------- bigint | 1 | 1 | 9223372036854775807 | 1 | no | 10 Owned by: alvin.tb_test_bigserial.test_id
在 session 1(pid 16649)中插入数据
alvindb=> INSERT INTO tb_test_bigserial(create_time) VALUES (DEFAULT); INSERT 0 1 alvindb=> INSERT INTO tb_test_bigserial(create_time) VALUES (DEFAULT); INSERT 0 1 alvindb=> SELECT * FROM tb_test_bigserial ORDER BY 2 DESC; test_id | create_time ---------+---------------------------- 2 | 2021-05-01 15:21:00.116979 1 | 2021-05-01 15:20:56.405149 (2 rows) alvindb=> SELECT * FROM tb_test_bigserial_test_id_seq; last_value | log_cnt | is_called ------------+---------+----------- 10 | 32 | t (1 row) alvindb=> SELECT lastval(); lastval --------- 2 (1 row)
从以上结果可以看到,此 session 中一次取了10个数据,last_value
是10,is_called
是 true,即新的 session 中从11开始。
lastval() 是2,即当前 session 中,上一次 nextval 返回的是2。需要注意,lastval() 并没有参数,即它返回最近任意 sequence 的 nextval 值。
如下,
alvindb=> SELECT nextval('tb_test_sequence_rename_test_id_seq2'); nextval --------- 1 (1 row) alvindb=> SELECT lastval(); lastval --------- 1 (1 row)
在 session 2(pid 14287)中插入数据:
alvindb=> SELECT pg_backend_pid(); pg_backend_pid ---------------- 14287 (1 row) alvindb=> INSERT INTO tb_test_bigserial(create_time) VALUES (DEFAULT); INSERT 0 1 alvindb=> INSERT INTO tb_test_bigserial(create_time) VALUES (DEFAULT); INSERT 0 1 alvindb=> SELECT * FROM tb_test_bigserial ORDER BY 2 DESC; test_id | create_time ---------+---------------------------- 12 | 2021-05-01 15:22:02.582036 11 | 2021-05-01 15:22:01.313919 2 | 2021-05-01 15:21:00.116979 1 | 2021-05-01 15:20:56.405149 (4 rows) alvindb=> SELECT * FROM tb_test_bigserial_test_id_seq; last_value | log_cnt | is_called ------------+---------+----------- 20 | 32 | t (1 row) alvindb=> SELECT lastval(); lastval --------- 12 (1 row)
从以上结果可以看到,虽然在 session 1中,sequence tb_test_bigserial_test_id_seq
只取了两次值,但 session 2中是从11开始取值的。
因为 cache 是10,所以1-10是预留给了 session 1。11-20是预留给了 session 2。
在 session 2中,last_value
是20,lastval()是12。
如果现在再看 session 1呢?
alvindb=> SELECT pg_backend_pid(); pg_backend_pid ---------------- 16649 (1 row) alvindb=> SELECT now(); now ------------------------------- 2021-05-01 15:23:54.674943+08 (1 row) alvindb=> SELECT * FROM tb_test_bigserial_test_id_seq; last_value | log_cnt | is_called ------------+---------+----------- 20 | 32 | t (1 row) alvindb=> SELECT lastval(); lastval --------- 2 (1 row)
现在看到 session 1中的 last_value
变成了 20,而 lastval() 还是2。
对比 session 1 和 session 2,可以看出,last_value
是与 session 无关的。而 lastval() 是与 session 有关,但与是哪个 sequence 无关。
现在,在 session 3 中验证一下,
alvindb=> SELECT pg_backend_pid(); pg_backend_pid ---------------- 15809 (1 row) alvindb=> INSERT INTO tb_test_bigserial(create_time) VALUES (DEFAULT); INSERT 0 1 alvindb=> INSERT INTO tb_test_bigserial(create_time) VALUES (DEFAULT); INSERT 0 1 alvindb=> SELECT * FROM tb_test_bigserial ORDER BY 2 DESC; test_id | create_time ---------+---------------------------- 22 | 2021-05-01 15:25:08.643196 21 | 2021-05-01 15:25:04.005421 12 | 2021-05-01 15:22:02.582036 11 | 2021-05-01 15:22:01.313919 2 | 2021-05-01 15:21:00.116979 1 | 2021-05-01 15:20:56.405149 (6 rows) alvindb=> SELECT now(); now ------------------------------- 2021-05-01 15:25:24.499995+08 (1 row) alvindb=> SELECT * FROM tb_test_bigserial_test_id_seq; last_value | log_cnt | is_called ------------+---------+----------- 30 | 32 | t (1 row) alvindb=> SELECT lastval(); lastval --------- 22 (1 row)
可以看出,以上推论是正确的。session 3 中 sequence 是从21开始的,插入两行数据后,last_value
变成 30,lastval() 在当前 session 中是22。
现在有一个问题,后插入的数据的 test_id
一定比先插入的大吗?能否根据 test_id
排序来确定是哪一行数据先插入的呢?
下面,我们回到 session 2 继续插入数据,
alvindb=> INSERT INTO tb_test_bigserial(create_time) VALUES (DEFAULT); INSERT 0 1 alvindb=> INSERT INTO tb_test_bigserial(create_time) VALUES (DEFAULT); INSERT 0 1 alvindb=> SELECT * FROM tb_test_bigserial ORDER BY 2 DESC; test_id | create_time ---------+---------------------------- 14 | 2021-05-01 15:28:16.500833 13 | 2021-05-01 15:28:04.276826 22 | 2021-05-01 15:25:08.643196 21 | 2021-05-01 15:25:04.005421 12 | 2021-05-01 15:22:02.582036 11 | 2021-05-01 15:22:01.313919 2 | 2021-05-01 15:21:00.116979 1 | 2021-05-01 15:20:56.405149 (8 rows)
可以看出,在 session 2中,sequence 继续从 13 开始。这是因为 session 2中一次性 cache 的 10 个数值(11-20)还没有用完。
所以,如果 cache 设置大于1,就不能以 sequence 的大小判断其插入的顺序。
可以用 create_time
来排序。但需要注意,在事务中,now()
返回的时间是一样的,而 clock_timestamp()
返回的则是实际的时间,
这也是在创建表 tb_test_bigserial
时采用 clock_timestamp()
而不是 now()
的原因。
现在如果调用 setval 会发生什么呢?
我们在 session 1中调用 setval,
alvindb=> SELECT pg_backend_pid(); pg_backend_pid ---------------- 16649 (1 row) alvindb=> SELECT setval('tb_test_bigserial_test_id_seq', 51); setval -------- 51 (1 row) alvindb=> SELECT * FROM tb_test_bigserial_test_id_seq; last_value | log_cnt | is_called ------------+---------+----------- 51 | 0 | t (1 row) alvindb=> SELECT lastval(); lastval --------- 51 (1 row)
上述 SQL 已将 last_value
设为 51,即下一个返回 52。
现在我们在 session 2中继续插入,
alvindb=> INSERT INTO tb_test_bigserial(create_time) VALUES (DEFAULT); INSERT 0 1 alvindb=> INSERT INTO tb_test_bigserial(create_time) VALUES (DEFAULT); INSERT 0 1 alvindb=> INSERT INTO tb_test_bigserial(create_time) VALUES (DEFAULT); INSERT 0 1 alvindb=> INSERT INTO tb_test_bigserial(create_time) VALUES (DEFAULT); INSERT 0 1 alvindb=> SELECT * FROM tb_test_bigserial ORDER BY 2 DESC; test_id | create_time ---------+---------------------------- 18 | 2021-05-01 15:28:22.692747 17 | 2021-05-01 15:28:22.371691 16 | 2021-05-01 15:28:22.021806 15 | 2021-05-01 15:28:20.917822 14 | 2021-05-01 15:28:16.500833 13 | 2021-05-01 15:28:04.276826 22 | 2021-05-01 15:25:08.643196 21 | 2021-05-01 15:25:04.005421 12 | 2021-05-01 15:22:02.582036 11 | 2021-05-01 15:22:01.313919 2 | 2021-05-01 15:21:00.116979 1 | 2021-05-01 15:20:56.405149 (12 rows) alvindb=> INSERT INTO tb_test_bigserial(create_time) VALUES (DEFAULT); INSERT 0 1 alvindb=> SELECT * FROM tb_test_bigserial ORDER BY 2 DESC; test_id | create_time ---------+---------------------------- 19 | 2021-05-01 15:28:26.485763 18 | 2021-05-01 15:28:22.692747 17 | 2021-05-01 15:28:22.371691 16 | 2021-05-01 15:28:22.021806 15 | 2021-05-01 15:28:20.917822 14 | 2021-05-01 15:28:16.500833 13 | 2021-05-01 15:28:04.276826 22 | 2021-05-01 15:25:08.643196 21 | 2021-05-01 15:25:04.005421 12 | 2021-05-01 15:22:02.582036 11 | 2021-05-01 15:22:01.313919 2 | 2021-05-01 15:21:00.116979 1 | 2021-05-01 15:20:56.405149 (13 rows) alvindb=> INSERT INTO tb_test_bigserial(create_time) VALUES (DEFAULT); INSERT 0 1 alvindb=> SELECT * FROM tb_test_bigserial ORDER BY 2 DESC; test_id | create_time ---------+---------------------------- 20 | 2021-05-01 15:28:29.747721 19 | 2021-05-01 15:28:26.485763 18 | 2021-05-01 15:28:22.692747 17 | 2021-05-01 15:28:22.371691 16 | 2021-05-01 15:28:22.021806 15 | 2021-05-01 15:28:20.917822 14 | 2021-05-01 15:28:16.500833 13 | 2021-05-01 15:28:04.276826 22 | 2021-05-01 15:25:08.643196 21 | 2021-05-01 15:25:04.005421 12 | 2021-05-01 15:22:02.582036 11 | 2021-05-01 15:22:01.313919 2 | 2021-05-01 15:21:00.116979 1 | 2021-05-01 15:20:56.405149 (14 rows) alvindb=> INSERT INTO tb_test_bigserial(create_time) VALUES (DEFAULT); INSERT 0 1 alvindb=> SELECT * FROM tb_test_bigserial ORDER BY 2 DESC; test_id | create_time ---------+---------------------------- 52 | 2021-05-01 15:28:32.084771 20 | 2021-05-01 15:28:29.747721 19 | 2021-05-01 15:28:26.485763 18 | 2021-05-01 15:28:22.692747 17 | 2021-05-01 15:28:22.371691 16 | 2021-05-01 15:28:22.021806 15 | 2021-05-01 15:28:20.917822 14 | 2021-05-01 15:28:16.500833 13 | 2021-05-01 15:28:04.276826 22 | 2021-05-01 15:25:08.643196 21 | 2021-05-01 15:25:04.005421 12 | 2021-05-01 15:22:02.582036 11 | 2021-05-01 15:22:01.313919 2 | 2021-05-01 15:21:00.116979 1 | 2021-05-01 15:20:56.405149 (15 rows) alvindb=> INSERT INTO tb_test_bigserial(create_time) VALUES (DEFAULT); INSERT 0 1 alvindb=> SELECT * FROM tb_test_bigserial ORDER BY 2 DESC; test_id | create_time ---------+---------------------------- 53 | 2021-05-01 15:28:45.026188 52 | 2021-05-01 15:28:32.084771 20 | 2021-05-01 15:28:29.747721 19 | 2021-05-01 15:28:26.485763 18 | 2021-05-01 15:28:22.692747 17 | 2021-05-01 15:28:22.371691 16 | 2021-05-01 15:28:22.021806 15 | 2021-05-01 15:28:20.917822 14 | 2021-05-01 15:28:16.500833 13 | 2021-05-01 15:28:04.276826 22 | 2021-05-01 15:25:08.643196 21 | 2021-05-01 15:25:04.005421 12 | 2021-05-01 15:22:02.582036 11 | 2021-05-01 15:22:01.313919 2 | 2021-05-01 15:21:00.116979 1 | 2021-05-01 15:20:56.405149 (16 rows)
可以看出,setval 后,session 2中并没有立即生效,而是等 session 2中预分配的10个数值消耗完,才继续从 sequence 又 cache 了10个数值。
另外,可以看出,上述数据中 test_id
列的数据并不是连续的。这也是使用 cache 的原因。
所以,在高并发的系统中,为了提高 sequence 的性能,不仅仅是增大 cache,以上提到的问题都需要注意。
创建用户 simon。
postgres=# CREATE USER simon WITH PASSWORD 'simon'; CREATE ROLE
现在将表 tb_test_bigserial
的读写权限授予 simon
alvindb=# \c alvindb alvin; You are now connected to database "alvindb" as user "alvin". alvindb=> \dp+ tb_test_bigserial Access privileges Schema | Name | Type | Access privileges | Column privileges | Policies --------+-------------------+-------+-------------------+-------------------+---------- alvin | tb_test_bigserial | table | | | (1 row) alvindb=> GRANT USAGE ON SCHEMA alvin TO "simon"; GRANT alvindb=> GRANT SELECT, INSERT, UPDATE, DELETE, TRUNCATE ON alvin.tb_test_bigserial TO "simon"; GRANT alvindb=> \dp+ tb_test_bigserial Access privileges Schema | Name | Type | Access privileges | Column privileges | Policies --------+-------------------+-------+---------------------+-------------------+---------- alvin | tb_test_bigserial | table | alvin=arwdDxt/alvin+| | | | | simon=arwdD/alvin | | (1 row)
通过用户 simon 插入数据
alvindb=> \c alvindb simon You are now connected to database "alvindb" as user "simon". alvindb=> SET search_path TO alvin; SET alvindb=> INSERT INTO tb_test_bigserial(create_time) VALUES (DEFAULT); ERROR: permission denied for sequence tb_test_bigserial_test_id_seq
此时插入数据提示没有 sequence tb_test_bigserial_test_id_seq
的权限。
现在将 sequence tb_test_bigserial_test_id_seq
也授权一下:
alvindb=> \c alvindb alvin You are now connected to database "alvindb" as user "alvin". alvindb=> GRANT ALL ON SEQUENCE tb_test_bigserial_test_id_seq TO "simon"; GRANT alvindb=> \dp+ tb_test_bigserial Access privileges Schema | Name | Type | Access privileges | Column privileges | Policies --------+-------------------+-------+---------------------+-------------------+---------- alvin | tb_test_bigserial | table | alvin=arwdDxt/alvin+| | | | | simon=arwdD/alvin | | (1 row) alvindb=> \dp+ tb_test_bigserial_test_id_seq Access privileges Schema | Name | Type | Access privileges | Column privileges | Policies --------+-------------------------------+----------+-------------------+-------------------+---------- alvin | tb_test_bigserial_test_id_seq | sequence | alvin=rwU/alvin +| | | | | simon=rwU/alvin | | (1 row) alvindb=> INSERT INTO tb_test_bigserial(create_time) VALUES (DEFAULT); INSERT 0 1
将 sequence 的读写权限授予 simon 后,simon 就可以成功向表 tb_test_bigserial
插入数据了。
可以看出,要对其他用户授予读写权限,不仅要授予表的权限,还需要授予对应 sequence 的权限。
sequence 看起来很简单,但如果使用姿势不对,很可能造成 MI (Major Incident)。
对于以下常见的有关 sequence 的问题,需要多留意。
integer vs bigint
对于交易型的表,log 表,history 表等较大的表,主键 sequence 需要用 bigint。否则可能遇到如下错误:
ERROR: nextval: reached maximum value of sequence "tb_test_sequence_test_id_seq" (2147483647)
其实,不止数据库需要考虑这个问题,应用程序中也需要考虑。
存储主键值的变量等需要用相应的类型,如 Java 中对应的需要使用 long 类型而不是 int 类型。
开发和测试同学可能都需要排查这个问题,以防止将来生产出现不必要的 MI。
开发可以直接看代码或查看表的DDL。测试的话,可以通过 setval 来修改当前 sequence 的值进行测试。
甚至有强制主键 id 必须用 bigint 的数据库规范来避免这个问题。
sequence 'Owned by'
通过 rename 方式复制表时,需要注意同时修改 sequence 的 'Owned by'。
否则,新表主键 default 中的 sequence 在 drop 老表时有可能被级联 drop 掉。
sequence nextval
当涉及到表或 sequence 的迁移,或需要重新创建 sequence,需要注意重新设置 sequence 值。
sequence cache
当 sequence cache 大于1时,需要注意排序时不要用 sequence 的列,可以考虑根据时间的列排序。
sequence 权限
在一些情况下,不但要授予相关用户表的权限,也需要注意 sequence 的权限。
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