Tkinter 编程

Tkinter 是 Python 的标准 GUI 库。Python 使用 Tkinter 可以快速的创建 GUI 应用程序。

由于 Tkinter 是内置到 python 的安装包中、只要安装好 Python 之后就能 import Tkinter 库、而且 IDLE 也是用 Tkinter 编写而成、对于简单的图形界面 Tkinter 还是能应付自如。

创建一个GUI程序

• 1、导入 Tkinter 模块
• 2、创建控件
• 3、指定这个控件的 master， 即这个控件属于哪一个
• 4、告诉 GM(geometry manager) 有一个控件产生了。

import tkinter
top = tkinter.Tk()
# 进入消息循环
top.mainloop()

# 导入 Tkinter 库
# Python3.x 导入方法
from tkinter import * 
root = Tk()                     # 创建窗口对象的背景色
                                # 创建两个列表
li     = ['C','python','php','html','SQL','java']
movie  = ['CSS','jQuery','Bootstrap']
listb  = Listbox(root)          #  创建两个列表组件
listb2 = Listbox(root)
for item in li:                 # 第一个小部件插入数据
    listb.insert(0,item)
 
for item in movie:              # 第二个小部件插入数据
    listb2.insert(0,item)
 
listb.pack()                    # 将小部件放置到主窗口中
listb2.pack()
root.mainloop()                 # 进入消息循环

Tkinter 组件

Tkinter 的提供各种控件，如按钮，标签和文本框，一个GUI应用程序中使用。这些控件通常被称为控件或者部件。

目前有15种 Tkinter的部件。我们提出这些部件以及一个简短的介绍，在下面的表:

标准属性

标准属性也就是所有控件的共同属性，如大小，字体和颜色等等。

几何管理

Tkinter控件有特定的几何状态管理方法，管理整个控件区域组织，以下是Tkinter公开的几何管理类：包、网格、位置

按钮示例

from tkinter import *

from tkinter import messagebox

top = Tk()
top.geometry("100x100")
def helloCallBack():
   msg = messagebox.showinfo( "Hello Python", "Hello World")

B = Button(top, text = "Hello", command = helloCallBack)
B.place(x = 50,y = 50)
top.mainloop()

 Canvas 示例

from tkinter import *

from tkinter import messagebox

top = Tk()

C = Canvas(top, bg = "blue", height = 250, width = 300)

coord = 10, 50, 240, 210
arc = C.create_arc(coord, start = 0, extent = 150, fill = "red")
line = C.create_line(10,10,200,200,fill = 'white')
C.pack()
top.mainloop()

 Checkbutton

from tkinter import *

import tkinter
    
top = Tk()
CheckVar1 = IntVar()
CheckVar2 = IntVar()
C1 = Checkbutton(top, text = "Music", variable = CheckVar1, \
                 onvalue = 1, offvalue = 0, height=5, \
                 width = 20, )
C2 = Checkbutton(top, text = "Video", variable = CheckVar2, \
                 onvalue = 1, offvalue = 0, height=5, \
                 width = 20)
C1.pack()
C2.pack()
top.mainloop()

 Entry

from tkinter import *

top = Tk()
L1 = Label(top, text = "User Name")
L1.pack( side = LEFT)
E1 = Entry(top, bd = 5)
E1.pack(side = RIGHT)

top.mainloop()

 Frame

from tkinter import *

root = Tk()
frame = Frame(root)
frame.pack()

bottomframe = Frame(root)
bottomframe.pack( side = BOTTOM )

redbutton = Button(frame, text = "Red", fg = "red")
redbutton.pack( side = LEFT)

greenbutton = Button(frame, text = "Brown", fg="brown")
greenbutton.pack( side = LEFT )

bluebutton = Button(frame, text = "Blue", fg = "blue")
bluebutton.pack( side = LEFT )

blackbutton = Button(bottomframe, text = "Black", fg = "black")
blackbutton.pack( side = BOTTOM)

root.mainloop()

 Label

from tkinter import *

root = Tk()

var = StringVar()
label = Label( root, textvariable = var, relief = RAISED )

var.set("Hey!? How are you doing?")
label.pack()
root.mainloop()

 Listbox

from tkinter import *

import tkinter

top = Tk()

Lb1 = Listbox(top)
Lb1.insert(1, "Python")
Lb1.insert(2, "Perl")
Lb1.insert(3, "C")
Lb1.insert(4, "PHP")
Lb1.insert(5, "JSP")
Lb1.insert(6, "Ruby")

Lb1.pack()
top.mainloop()

 Menubutton

from tkinter import *

import tkinter

top = Tk()

mb =  Menubutton ( top, text = "condiments", relief = RAISED )
mb.grid()
mb.menu  =  Menu ( mb, tearoff = 0 )
mb["menu"]  =  mb.menu
    
mayoVar  = IntVar()
ketchVar = IntVar()

mb.menu.add_checkbutton ( label = "mayo",
                          variable = mayoVar )
mb.menu.add_checkbutton ( label = "ketchup",
                          variable = ketchVar )

mb.pack()
top.mainloop()

 Menu

from tkinter import *
def donothing():
   filewin = Toplevel(root)
   button = Button(filewin, text="Do nothing button")
   button.pack()
   
root = Tk()
menubar = Menu(root)
filemenu = Menu(menubar, tearoff = 0)
filemenu.add_command(label="New", command = donothing)
filemenu.add_command(label = "Open", command = donothing)
filemenu.add_command(label = "Save", command = donothing)
filemenu.add_command(label = "Save as...", command = donothing)
filemenu.add_command(label = "Close", command = donothing)

filemenu.add_separator()

filemenu.add_command(label = "Exit", command = root.quit)
menubar.add_cascade(label = "File", menu = filemenu)
editmenu = Menu(menubar, tearoff=0)
editmenu.add_command(label = "Undo", command = donothing)

editmenu.add_separator()

editmenu.add_command(label = "Cut", command = donothing)
editmenu.add_command(label = "Copy", command = donothing)
editmenu.add_command(label = "Paste", command = donothing)
editmenu.add_command(label = "Delete", command = donothing)
editmenu.add_command(label = "Select All", command = donothing)

menubar.add_cascade(label = "Edit", menu = editmenu)
helpmenu = Menu(menubar, tearoff=0)
helpmenu.add_command(label = "Help Index", command = donothing)
helpmenu.add_command(label = "About...", command = donothing)
menubar.add_cascade(label = "Help", menu = helpmenu)

root.config(menu = menubar)
root.mainloop()

 Message

from tkinter import *

root = Tk()

var = StringVar()
label = Message( root, textvariable = var, relief = RAISED )

var.set("Hey!? How are you doing?")
label.pack()
root.mainloop()

 Radiobutton

from tkinter import *

def sel():
   selection = "You selected the option " + str(var.get())
   label.config(text = selection)

root = Tk()
var = IntVar()
R1 = Radiobutton(root, text = "Option 1", variable = var, value = 1,
                  command = sel)
R1.pack( anchor = W )

R2 = Radiobutton(root, text = "Option 2", variable = var, value = 2,
                  command = sel)
R2.pack( anchor = W )

R3 = Radiobutton(root, text = "Option 3", variable = var, value = 3,
                  command = sel)
R3.pack( anchor = W)

label = Label(root)
label.pack()
root.mainloop()

 Scale

from tkinter import *

def sel():
   selection = "Value = " + str(var.get())
   label.config(text = selection)

root = Tk()
var = DoubleVar()
scale = Scale( root, variable = var )
scale.pack(anchor = CENTER)

button = Button(root, text = "Get Scale Value", command = sel)
button.pack(anchor = CENTER)

label = Label(root)
label.pack()

root.mainloop()

 Scrollbar

from tkinter import *

root = Tk()
scrollbar = Scrollbar(root)
scrollbar.pack( side = RIGHT, fill = Y )

mylist = Listbox(root, yscrollcommand = scrollbar.set )
for line in range(100):
   mylist.insert(END, "This is line number " + str(line))

mylist.pack( side = LEFT, fill = BOTH )
scrollbar.config( command = mylist.yview )

mainloop()

 Text

from tkinter import *

root = Tk()
text = Text(root)
text.insert(INSERT, "Hello.....")
text.insert(END, "Bye Bye.....")
text.pack()

text.tag_add("here", "1.0", "1.4")
text.tag_add("start", "1.8", "1.13")
text.tag_config("here", background = "yellow", foreground = "blue")
text.tag_config("start", background = "black", foreground = "green")
root.mainloop()

 Toplevel

from tkinter import *

root = Tk()
root.title("hello")
top = Toplevel()
top.title("Python")
top.mainloop()

 Spinbox

from tkinter import *

master = Tk()

w = Spinbox(master, from_ = 0, to = 10)
w.pack()

mainloop()

PanedWindow

from tkinter import *

m1 = PanedWindow()
m1.pack(fill = BOTH, expand = 1)

left = Entry(m1, bd = 5)
m1.add(left)

m2 = PanedWindow(m1, orient = VERTICAL)
m1.add(m2)

top = Scale( m2, orient = HORIZONTAL)
m2.add(top)

bottom = Button(m2, text = "OK")
m2.add(bottom)

mainloop()

 LabelFrame

from tkinter import *

root = Tk()

labelframe = LabelFrame(root, text = "This is a LabelFrame")
labelframe.pack(fill = "both", expand = "yes")
 
left = Label(labelframe, text = "Inside the LabelFrame")
left.pack()
 
root.mainloop()

messagebox

from tkinter import *

from tkinter import messagebox

top = Tk()
top.geometry("100x100")
def hello():
   messagebox.showinfo("Say Hello", "Hello World")

B1 = Button(top, text = "Say Hello", command = hello)
B1.place(x = 35,y = 50)

top.mainloop()

REF

https://www.tutorialspoint.com/python3/python_gui_programming.htm

https://www.runoob.com/python/python-gui-tkinter.html