这是几年前的一道面试题了,网上的答案一般都是
1. execute只能提交Runnable类型的任务,没有返回值,而submit既能提交Runnable类型任务也能提交Callable类型任务,返回Future类型。
2. execute方法提交的任务异常是直接抛出的,而submit方法是是捕获了异常的,当调用FutureTask的get方法时,才会抛出异常。
我们可能看过n多次但又忘了n多加1次,那么我们到底应该如何才能彻底理解和记住这两者的区别呢,这就要从ThreadPoolExecutor的根上说起了。根是什么呢,就是下图的继承体系:
可以看到ThreadPoolExecutor的根上是两个接口,分别是Executor和ExecutorService,查看接口里的方法如下:
从图中就可以很清楚的看到execute和submit的第一个区别了,
execute是Executor接口的方法,而submit是ExecutorService的方法,并且ExecutorService接口继承了Executor接口。
接下来,我们就从这四个类依次入手进行分析。
Executor接口源码贴在下面了,源码注释很多,对示例部分做了删减。
/** * An object that executes submitted {@link Runnable} tasks. This * interface provides a way of decoupling task submission from the * mechanics of how each task will be run, including details of thread * use, scheduling, etc. An {@code Executor} is normally used * instead of explicitly creating threads. * * @since 1.5 * @author Doug Lea */ public interface Executor { /** * Executes the given command at some time in the future. The command * may execute in a new thread, in a pooled thread, or in the calling * thread, at the discretion of the {@code Executor} implementation. * * @param command the runnable task * @throws RejectedExecutionException if this task cannot be * accepted for execution * @throws NullPointerException if command is null */ void execute(Runnable command); }
从类注释可以看出,作用是解耦任务提交和任务执行,比如执行一个Runnable任务,你可能会使用
new Thread(new(RunnableTask())).start()
而使用Executor之后,你就可以这样写了
Executor executor = anExecutor; executor.execute(new RunnableTask());
看起来好像代码量增加了,其实不然。对第一种写法,任务的提交和执行就被固定死了,只能新起一个线程去跑,可以说毫无扩展性;而第二种写法,我们可以通过切换anExecutor到anotherExecutor,便可以很容易的改变任务的执行方式,如直接run、起新线程跑、存优先级队列跑,这就是把任务提交和执行解耦的好处。
最后,从方法定义上可以看到,入参是Runnable类型,没有返回值。
ExecutorService在Executor基础上,提供了更多的功能,如管理执行器的生命周期和异步任务的执行等。代码如下,还是删减了与本地主题关系不大的注释和方法
/** * An {@link Executor} that provides methods to manage termination and * methods that can produce a {@link Future} for tracking progress of * one or more asynchronous tasks. * <p>Method {@code submit} extends base method {@link * Executor#execute(Runnable)} by creating and returning a {@link Future} * that can be used to cancel execution and/or wait for completion. * * @since 1.5 * @author Doug Lea */ public interface ExecutorService extends Executor { <T> Future<T> submit(Callable<T> task); <T> Future<T> submit(Runnable task, T result); Future<?> submit(Runnable task); }
ExecutorService增加了三个submit方法,都可以返回一个Future对象。通过Future对象,就可以做更多的事情:获取任务执行结果、判断任务是否执行完毕、取消任务等等。
这样我们就发现execute和submit的第二个区别了,
execute只接受Runnable参数,没有返回值;而submit可以接受Runnable参数和Callable参数,并且返回了Future对象,可以进行任务取消、获取任务结果、判断任务是否执行完毕/取消等操作。
AbstractExecutorService看类名就知道是一个抽象类,它实现了ExecutorService接口,并提供了一些通用的方法实现,其中就实现了三个submit方法。
public abstract class AbstractExecutorService implements ExecutorService { protected <T> RunnableFuture<T> newTaskFor(Runnable runnable, T value) { return new FutureTask<T>(runnable, value); } protected <T> RunnableFuture<T> newTaskFor(Callable<T> callable) { return new FutureTask<T>(callable); } public Future<?> submit(Runnable task) { if (task == null) throw new NullPointerException(); RunnableFuture<Void> ftask = newTaskFor(task, null); execute(ftask); return ftask; } public <T> Future<T> submit(Runnable task, T result) { if (task == null) throw new NullPointerException(); RunnableFuture<T> ftask = newTaskFor(task, result); execute(ftask); return ftask; } public <T> Future<T> submit(Callable<T> task) { if (task == null) throw new NullPointerException(); RunnableFuture<T> ftask = newTaskFor(task); execute(ftask); return ftask; } }
在submit方法中,首先会判断入参是否为null,如果是就抛出空指针异常,显然线程池不允许提交null任务。
然后第二步,不管入参是Runnable还是Callable,统统封装成RunnableFuture类型的任务,也就是submit方法会对任务做一次适配。RunnableFuture看名字就知道它同时继承了Runnable接口和Future接口,这样就可以作为返回值了。
第三步,调用execute方法。原来是submit会调用execute方法,而AbstractExecutorService没有实现execute方法,显然是留给子类去实现了,这里就用到了模板方法模式。
最后,返回了ftask,上面说了,ftask既是Runnable又是Future,因此我们就可以通过ftask来获取最终任务结果了。
这样我们就发现execute和submit的一个联系了,
submit会对Runnable或Callable入参封装成RunnableFuture对象,调用execute方法并返回。
还有一点值得提一下,这里的newTaskFor方法返回了FutureTask对象,也就是FutureTask是实现了RunnableFuture接口的,而newTaskFor方法是protected的,也就是说我们可以在子类中重写该方法,以达到我们特殊的目的。
终于到了本文主角——线程池了。
public class ThreadPoolExecutor extends AbstractExecutorService { public void execute(Runnable command) { if (command == null) throw new NullPointerException(); /* * Proceed in 3 steps: * * 1. If fewer than corePoolSize threads are running, try to * start a new thread with the given command as its first * task. The call to addWorker atomically checks runState and * workerCount, and so prevents false alarms that would add * threads when it shouldn't, by returning false. * * 2. If a task can be successfully queued, then we still need * to double-check whether we should have added a thread * (because existing ones died since last checking) or that * the pool shut down since entry into this method. So we * recheck state and if necessary roll back the enqueuing if * stopped, or start a new thread if there are none. * * 3. If we cannot queue task, then we try to add a new * thread. If it fails, we know we are shut down or saturated * and so reject the task. */ int c = ctl.get(); if (workerCountOf(c) < corePoolSize) { if (addWorker(command, true)) return; c = ctl.get(); } if (isRunning(c) && workQueue.offer(command)) { int recheck = ctl.get(); if (! isRunning(recheck) && remove(command)) reject(command); else if (workerCountOf(recheck) == 0) addWorker(null, false); } else if (!addWorker(command, false)) reject(command); } }
ThreadPoolExecutor最终对execute方法做了实现,方法上的注释也解释的很清楚,线程池是如何处理提交过来的任务的。这里不得不赞一下JDK源码的注释,往往比代码都长。
这里只提一下一个容易忽略或看不明白的地方,就是任务放阻塞队列时的一个子分支
else if (workerCountOf(recheck) == 0) addWorker(null, false);
这里为什么放完阻塞队列之后还要再次判断下worker的数量呢,并且如果是0的话就会调用addWorkder方法。
其实,举一个实际例子就清楚了,我们在创建线程池的时候,可能想着不保持核心线程,有任务到来时才启动线程,即
ThreadPoolExecutor threadPool = new ThreadPoolExecutor(0, 2, 60, TimeUnit.SECONDS, new ArrayBlockingQueue<>(size));
这样的话,当第一个任务到来时,因为已经达到核心线程数了(其实是0),因此任务会自动放入阻塞队列中,那岂不是永远不会执行了?因此会判断当前有没有工作线程,如果没有就添加一个,并且不需要给添加的这个工作线程指定初始任务,因为它会自动取刚刚的阻塞队列中取任务。
而这里的worker又是什么呢,这里其实我们就可以理解为对一个线程的封装,关键代码如下
private final class Worker extends AbstractQueuedSynchronizer implements Runnable { /** Thread this worker is running in. Null if factory fails. */ final Thread thread; /** Initial task to run. Possibly null. */ Runnable firstTask; /** Per-thread task counter */ volatile long completedTasks; Worker(Runnable firstTask) { setState(-1); // inhibit interrupts until runWorker this.firstTask = firstTask; this.thread = getThreadFactory().newThread(this); } /** Delegates main run loop to outer runWorker */ public void run() { runWorker(this); } }
runWorker是ThreadPoolExecutor的方法
final void runWorker(Worker w) { Thread wt = Thread.currentThread(); Runnable task = w.firstTask; w.firstTask = null; w.unlock(); // allow interrupts boolean completedAbruptly = true; try { while (task != null || (task = getTask()) != null) { w.lock(); try { beforeExecute(wt, task); Throwable thrown = null; try { task.run(); } catch (RuntimeException x) { thrown = x; throw x; } catch (Error x) { thrown = x; throw x; } catch (Throwable x) { thrown = x; throw new Error(x); } finally { afterExecute(task, thrown); } } finally { task = null; w.completedTasks++; w.unlock(); } } completedAbruptly = false; } finally { processWorkerExit(w, completedAbruptly); } }
可以看到runWorker中,循环不断地从阻塞队列中获取任务,并简单的通过task.run()来执行任务,如果出现异常则会向外抛出,即通过execute来执行任务,执行线程会抛出异常。
对于submit提交的任务又是如何执行的呢,我们就需要查看newTaskFor返回的FutureTask了,关键部分代码如下
public class FutureTask<V> implements RunnableFuture<V> { public void run() { if (state != NEW || !UNSAFE.compareAndSwapObject(this, runnerOffset, null, Thread.currentThread())) return; try { Callable<V> c = callable; if (c != null && state == NEW) { V result; boolean ran; try { result = c.call(); ran = true; } catch (Throwable ex) { result = null; ran = false; setException(ex); } if (ran) set(result); } } finally { runner = null; int s = state; if (s >= INTERRUPTING) handlePossibleCancellationInterrupt(s); } } public V get() throws InterruptedException, ExecutionException { int s = state; if (s <= COMPLETING) s = awaitDone(false, 0L); return report(s); } private V report(int s) throws ExecutionException { Object x = outcome; if (s == NORMAL) return (V)x; if (s >= CANCELLED) throw new CancellationException(); throw new ExecutionException((Throwable)x); } }
可以看出FutureTask和runWorker的区别了,runWorker是catch到异常接着throw出去,完全不接锅;而FutureTask则是将catch到的异常存下来,在get的时候再去判断任务执行状态,如果任务状态时异常,则再抛出ExecutionException异常。
因此execute和submit的第三个区别就是
通过execute方法提交的任务如果出现异常则直接抛出原异常,是在线程池中的线程中;而submit方法是捕获了异常的,只有当调用Future的get方法时,才会抛出ExecutionException异常,且是在调用get方法的线程。
实际效果如图
经过以上分析,我们得出了execute和submit的区别了
1. execute是Executor接口的方法,而submit是ExecutorService的方法,并且ExecutorService接口继承了Executor接口。
2. execute只接受Runnable参数,没有返回值;而submit可以接受Runnable参数和Callable参数,并且返回了Future对象,可以进行任务取消、获取任务结果、判断任务是否执行完毕/取消等操作。其中,submit会对Runnable或Callable入参封装成RunnableFuture对象,调用execute方法并返回。
3. 通过execute方法提交的任务如果出现异常则直接抛出原异常,是在线程池中的线程中;而submit方法是捕获了异常的,只有当调用Future的get方法时,才会抛出ExecutionException异常,且是在调用get方法的线程。
最后,附上线程池相关的类图,以便清晰地了解这些类之间的关联关系