import java.util.ArrayList; import java.util.List; public class Test01 extends Object{ //@Override 重写的注解 @Override public String toString() { return super.toString(); } //@Deprecated 不推荐程序员使用,但是可以使用,或者存在更好的方式 @Deprecated public static void test(){ System.out.println("Deprecated"); } //@SuppressWarnings 镇压警告 @SuppressWarnings("all") public void test02(){ List list = new ArrayList(); } public static void main(String[] args) { test(); } }
import java.lang.annotation.ElementType; import java.lang.annotation.Retention; import java.lang.annotation.RetentionPolicy; import java.lang.annotation.Target; //自定义注解 public class Test03 { //注解可以显式赋值,如果没有默认值,我们就必须给注解复制 @MyAnnotation2(age = 18) public void test(){} @MyAnnotation3("秦疆") public void test2(){ } } @Target({ElementType.TYPE,ElementType.METHOD}) @Retention(RetentionPolicy.RUNTIME) @interface MyAnnotation2{ //注解的参数:参数类型 + 参数名(); String name() default ""; int age(); int id() default -1;//如果默认值为-1,代表不存在 String[] schools() default {"西部开源","清华大学"}; } @Target({ElementType.TYPE,ElementType.METHOD}) @Retention(RetentionPolicy.RUNTIME) @interface MyAnnotation3{ String value();//如果只有一个参数时,将参数名设置为value则默认可以省略该参数 }
反射机制允许程序在执行期间借助于Reflection API取得任何类的内部信息,并能直接操作任意对象的内部属性及方法
Class c = Class.forName("java.lang.String")
加载完类之后,在堆内存的方法区中就产生了一个Class类型的对象(一个类只有一个Class对象),这个对象就包含了完整的类的结构信息。我们可以通过这个对象看到类的结构。这个对象就像一面镜子,透过这个镜子看到类的机构,所以,我们形象地称之为:反射
Java反射机制提供的功能
反射相关的主要API
在Object类中定义了以下的方法,此方法将被所有子类继承
public final Class getClass()
//什么叫反射 public class Test02 { public static void main(String[] args) throws ClassNotFoundException { //通过反射获取类的Class对象 Class c1 = Class.forName("com.annotation_reflection.reflection.User"); System.out.println(c1); Class c2 = Class.forName("com.annotation_reflection.reflection.User"); Class c3 = Class.forName("com.annotation_reflection.reflection.User"); Class c4 = Class.forName("com.annotation_reflection.reflection.User"); //一个类在内存中只有一个Class对象 //一个类被加载后,类的整个结构都会被封装在Class对象中 System.out.println(c2.hashCode()); System.out.println(c3.hashCode()); System.out.println(c4.hashCode()); } } //实体类:pojo, entiry class User{ private String name; private int id; private int age; public User() { } public User(String name, int id, int age) { this.name = name; this.id = id; this.age = age; } public String getName() { return name; } public void setName(String name) { this.name = name; } public int getId() { return id; } public void setId(int id) { this.id = id; } public int getAge() { return age; } public void setAge(int age) { this.age = age; } @Override public String toString() { return "User{" + "name='" + name + '\'' + ", id=" + id + ", age=" + age + '}'; } }
方法名 | 功能说明 |
---|---|
static ClassforName(String name) | 返回指定类名name的Class对象 |
Object newInstance() | 调用缺省构造函数,返回Class对象的一个实例 |
getName() | 返回此Class对象所表示的实体(类,接口,数组类或void)的名称 |
Class getSuperClass() | 返回当前Class对象的父类的Class对象 |
Class[] getinterfaces() | 获取当前Class对象的接口 |
ClassLoader getClassLoader() | 返回该类的类加载器 |
Constructor[] getConstructors() | 返回一个包含某些Constructor对象的数组 |
Method getMothed(String name,Class.. T) | 返回一个Method对象,此对象的形参类型为paramType |
Field[] getDeclaredFields() | 返回Field对象的一个数组 |
//测试Class类的创建方式有哪些 public class Test03 { public static void main(String[] args) throws ClassNotFoundException { Person person = new Student(); System.out.println("这个人是:"+person.name); //方式一:通过对象获得 Class c1 = person.getClass(); System.out.println(c1.hashCode()); //方式二:forname获得 Class c2 = Class.forName("com.annotation_reflection.reflection.Student"); System.out.println(c2.hashCode()); //方式三:通过类名.class获得 Class c3 = Student.class; System.out.println(c3.hashCode()); //方式四:基本内置类型的包装类都有一个Type属性 Class c4 = Integer.TYPE; System.out.println(c4); //获得父类类型 Class c5 = c1.getSuperclass(); System.out.println(c5); } } class Person{ public String name; public Person(){ } public Person(String name){ this.name = name; } @Override public String toString() { return "Person{" + "name='" + name + '\'' + '}'; } } class Student extends Person{ public Student(){ this.name = "学生"; } } class Teacher extends Person{ public Teacher(){ this.name = "老师"; } }
import java.lang.annotation.ElementType; //所有类型的Class public class Test04 { public static void main(String[] args) { Class c1 = Object.class; //类 Class c2 = Comparable.class; //接口 Class c3 = String[].class; //一维数组 Class c4 = int[][].class; //二维数组 Class c5 = Override.class; //注解 Class c6 = ElementType.class; //枚举 Class c7 = Integer.class; //基本数据类型 Class c8 = void.class; //void Class c9 = Class.class; //Class System.out.println(c1); System.out.println(c2); System.out.println(c3); System.out.println(c4); System.out.println(c5); System.out.println(c6); System.out.println(c7); System.out.println(c8); System.out.println(c9); //只要元素类型与维度一样,就是同一个Class int[] a = new int[10]; int[] b = new int[100]; System.out.println(a.getClass().hashCode()); System.out.println(b.getClass().hashCode()); } }
Java内存分析:
类的加载过程:
类的加载与ClassLoader的理解
public class Test05 { public static void main(String[] args) { A a = new A(); System.out.println(A.m); /* 1.加载到内存,会产生一个类对应Class对象 2.链接,链接结束后 m = 0 3.初始化 <clinit>(){ System.out.println("A类静态代码块初始化"); m = 300; m = 100; } m = 100 */ } } class A{ static { System.out.println("A类静态代码块初始化"); System.out.println(A.m); m = 300; } static int m = 100; public A() { System.out.println("A类的无参构造初始化"); } }
//测试类什么时候会初始化 public class Test06 { static { System.out.println("Main类被加载"); } public static void main(String[] args) throws ClassNotFoundException { //1.主动引用 //Son son = new Son(); //反射也会产生主动引用 //Class.forName("com.annotation_reflection.reflection.Son"); //不会产生类的引用的方法 //System.out.println(Son.b); //Son[] array = new Son[5]; System.out.println(Son.M); } } class Father{ static int b = 2; static { System.out.println("父类被加载"); } } class Son extends Father{ static { System.out.println("子类被加载"); m = 300; } static int m = 100; static final int M = 1; }
public class Test07 { public static void main(String[] args) throws ClassNotFoundException { //获取系统类的加载器 ClassLoader systemClassLoader = ClassLoader.getSystemClassLoader(); System.out.println(systemClassLoader); //获取系统类加载器的父类加载器-->扩展类加载器 ClassLoader parent = systemClassLoader.getParent(); System.out.println(parent); //获取扩展类加载器的父类加载器-->根加载器(C/c++) ClassLoader parent1 = parent.getParent(); System.out.println(parent1); //测试当前类时哪个加载器加载的 ClassLoader classLoader = Class.forName("com.annotation_reflection.reflection.Test07").getClassLoader(); System.out.println(classLoader); //测试JDK内置的类是谁加载的 classLoader = Class.forName("java.lang.Object").getClassLoader(); System.out.println(classLoader); //如何获得系统类加载器可以加载的路径 System.out.println(System.getProperty("java.class.path")); //双亲委派机制 多重检测,保证安全性,重复则无效 //java.lang.String--> /* D:\environment\java\java_update\jre\lib\charsets.jar; D:\environment\java\java_update\jre\lib\deploy.jar; D:\environment\java\java_update\jre\lib\ext\access-bridge-64.jar; D:\environment\java\java_update\jre\lib\ext\cldrdata.jar; D:\environment\java\java_update\jre\lib\ext\dnsns.jar; D:\environment\java\java_update\jre\lib\ext\jaccess.jar; D:\environment\java\java_update\jre\lib\ext\jfxrt.jar; D:\environment\java\java_update\jre\lib\ext\localedata.jar; D:\environment\java\java_update\jre\lib\ext\nashorn.jar; D:\environment\java\java_update\jre\lib\ext\sunec.jar; D:\environment\java\java_update\jre\lib\ext\sunjce_provider.jar; D:\environment\java\java_update\jre\lib\ext\sunmscapi.jar; D:\environment\java\java_update\jre\lib\ext\sunpkcs11.jar; D:\environment\java\java_update\jre\lib\ext\zipfs.jar; D:\environment\java\java_update\jre\lib\javaws.jar; D:\environment\java\java_update\jre\lib\jce.jar; D:\environment\java\java_update\jre\lib\jfr.jar; D:\environment\java\java_update\jre\lib\jfxswt.jar; D:\environment\java\java_update\jre\lib\jsse.jar; D:\environment\java\java_update\jre\lib\management-agent.jar; D:\environment\java\java_update\jre\lib\plugin.jar; D:\environment\java\java_update\jre\lib\resources.jar; D:\environment\java\java_update\jre\lib\rt.jar; D:\environment\java_project\jdbc\out\production\基础语法; D:\environment\java_project\javase\基础语法\src\com\lib\commons-io-2.6.jar; D:\environment\IntelliJ IDEA 2021.2.1\lib\idea_rt.jar */ } }
通过反射获取运行时类的完整结构
Field、Method、Constructor、Superclass、Interface、Annotation
import java.lang.reflect.Constructor; import java.lang.reflect.Field; import java.lang.reflect.Method; //获得类的信息 public class Test08 { public static void main(String[] args) throws ClassNotFoundException, NoSuchFieldException, NoSuchMethodException { Class c1 = Class.forName("com.annotation_reflection.reflection.User"); User user = new User(); c1 = user.getClass(); //获得类的名字 System.out.println(c1.getName());//获得包名 + 类名 System.out.println(c1.getSimpleName());//获得类名 //获得类的属性 System.out.println("==============================================="); Field[] fields = c1.getFields();//只能找到public属性 fields = c1.getDeclaredFields();//找到全部的属性 for (Field field : fields) { System.out.println(field); } //获得指定属性的值 Field name = c1.getDeclaredField("name"); System.out.println(name); //获得类的方法 System.out.println("==============================================="); Method[] methods = c1.getMethods();//获得本类及其父类的全部public方法 for (Method method : methods) { System.out.println("正常的:"+method); } methods = c1.getDeclaredMethods();//获得本类的所有方法 for (Method method : methods) { System.out.println("getDeclaredMethods:"+method); } //获得指定方法 //重载 Method getName = c1.getMethod("getName",null); Method setName = c1.getMethod("setName",String.class); System.out.println(getName); System.out.println(setName); //获得指定的构造器 System.out.println("======================================================"); Constructor[] constructors = c1.getConstructors();//获得public构造器 for (Constructor constructor : constructors) { System.out.println(constructor); } constructors = c1.getDeclaredConstructors();//获得本类的所有构造器 for (Constructor constructor : constructors) { System.out.println(constructor); } //获得指定的构造器 Constructor declaredConstructor = c1.getDeclaredConstructor(String.class, int.class, int.class); System.out.println("指定:"+declaredConstructor); } }
思考?难道没有无参的构造器就不能创建对象了吗?只要在操作的时候明确的调用类中的构造器,并将参数传递进去之后,才可以实例化操作。
通过反射,调用类中的方法,通过Method类完成
Object invoke(Object obj, Object...args)
setAccessible
import java.lang.reflect.Field; import java.lang.reflect.InvocationTargetException; import java.lang.reflect.Method; //动态的创建对象,通过反射 public class Test09 { public static void main(String[] args) throws ClassNotFoundException, InstantiationException, IllegalAccessException, NoSuchMethodException, InvocationTargetException, NoSuchFieldException { //获得Class对象 Class c1 = Class.forName("com.annotation_reflection.reflection.User"); //构造一个对象 //User user = (User) c1.newInstance();//本质是调用了类的无参构造器 //System.out.println(user); //通过构造器创建对象 //Constructor constructor = c1.getDeclaredConstructor(String.class, int.class, int.class); //User user2 = (User)constructor.newInstance("秦疆",001,18); //System.out.println(user2); //通过反射调用普通方法 User user3 = (User)c1.newInstance(); //通过反射获取一个方法 Method setName = c1.getDeclaredMethod("setName", String.class); //invoke: 激活的意思 //(对象,”方法的值“) setName.invoke(user3,"狂神"); System.out.println(user3.getName()); //通过反射操作属性 System.out.println("=============================================================="); User user4 = (User)c1.newInstance(); Field name = c1.getDeclaredField("name"); //不能直接操作私有属性,我们需要关闭程序的安全检测,属性或者方法的setAccessible(true) name.setAccessible(true);// name.set(user4,"狂神2"); System.out.println(user4.getName()); } }
import java.lang.reflect.InvocationTargetException; import java.lang.reflect.Method; //分析性能问题 public class Test10 { //普通方式调用 public static void test01(){ User user = new User(); long startTime = System.currentTimeMillis(); for (int i = 0; i < 1000000000; i++) { user.getName(); } long endTime = System.currentTimeMillis(); System.out.println("普通方式执行10亿次:"+(endTime-startTime)+"ms"); } //反射方式调用 public static void test02() throws NoSuchMethodException, InvocationTargetException, IllegalAccessException { User user = new User(); Class c1 = user.getClass(); Method getName = c1.getDeclaredMethod("getName",null); long startTime = System.currentTimeMillis(); for (int i = 0; i < 1000000000; i++) { getName.invoke(user,null); } long endTime = System.currentTimeMillis(); System.out.println("反射方式执行10亿次:"+(endTime-startTime)+"ms"); } //反射方式调用 关闭检测 public static void test03() throws NoSuchMethodException, InvocationTargetException, IllegalAccessException { User user = new User(); Class c1 = user.getClass(); Method getName = c1.getDeclaredMethod("getName",null); getName.setAccessible(true); long startTime = System.currentTimeMillis(); for (int i = 0; i < 1000000000; i++) { getName.invoke(user,null); } long endTime = System.currentTimeMillis(); System.out.println("关闭检测执行10亿次:"+(endTime-startTime)+"ms"); } public static void main(String[] args) throws InvocationTargetException, NoSuchMethodException, IllegalAccessException { test01(); test02(); test03(); } }
import java.lang.reflect.Method; import java.lang.reflect.ParameterizedType; import java.lang.reflect.Type; import java.util.List; import java.util.Map; //练习反射操作泛型 public class Test11 { public void Test01(Map<String,User> map, List<User> list){ System.out.println("test01"); } public Map<String,User> test02(){ System.out.println("test02"); return null; } public static void main(String[] args) throws NoSuchMethodException { Method method = Test11.class.getMethod("test01", Map.class, List.class); Type[] genericParameterTypes = method.getGenericParameterTypes(); for (Type genericParameterType : genericParameterTypes) { System.out.println("#"+genericParameterType); if (genericParameterType instanceof ParameterizedType){ Type[] actualTypeArguments = ((ParameterizedType) genericParameterType).getActualTypeArguments(); for (Type actualTypeArgument : actualTypeArguments) { System.out.println(actualTypeArgument); } } } method = Test11.class.getMethod("test02",null); Type genericReturnType = method.getGenericReturnType(); if (genericReturnType instanceof ParameterizedType){ Type[] actualTypeArguments = ((ParameterizedType) genericReturnType).getActualTypeArguments(); for (Type actualTypeArgument : actualTypeArguments) { System.out.println(actualTypeArgument); } } } }
import java.lang.annotation.*; import java.lang.reflect.Field; //练习反射操作注解 public class Test12 { public static void main(String[] args) throws ClassNotFoundException, NoSuchFieldException { Class c1 = Class.forName("com.annotation_reflection.reflection.Student2"); //通过反射获得注解 Annotation[] annotations = c1.getAnnotations(); for (Annotation annotation : annotations) { System.out.println(annotation); } //获得注解的value的值 Tablekuang tablekuang = (Tablekuang)c1.getAnnotation(Tablekuang.class); String value = tablekuang.value(); System.out.println(value); //获得类指定的注解 Field f = c1.getDeclaredField("name"); Fieldkuang annotation = f.getAnnotation(Fieldkuang.class); System.out.println(annotation.columnName()); System.out.println(annotation.type()); System.out.println(annotation.length()); } } @Tablekuang("db_student") class Student2{ @Fieldkuang(columnName = "db_id",type = "int",length = 10) private int id; @Fieldkuang(columnName = "db_age",type = "int",length = 10) private int age; @Fieldkuang(columnName = "db_name",type = "varchar",length = 3) private String name; public Student2(){ } public Student2(int id, int age, String name) { this.id = id; this.age = age; this.name = name; } public int getId() { return id; } public void setId(int id) { this.id = id; } public int getAge() { return age; } public void setAge(int age) { this.age = age; } public String getName() { return name; } public void setName(String name) { this.name = name; } @Override public String toString() { return "Student2{" + "id=" + id + ", age=" + age + ", name='" + name + '\'' + '}'; } } //类名的注解 @Target(ElementType.TYPE) @Retention(RetentionPolicy.RUNTIME) @interface Tablekuang{ String value(); } //属性的注解 @Target(ElementType.FIELD) @Retention(RetentionPolicy.RUNTIME) @interface Fieldkuang{ String columnName(); String type(); int length(); }