MySql教程

MySQL--Day03

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使用工具:SQLyog
使用语言:SQL
学习日期:03
学习内容:

Day03

  • 聚合函数
    • 聚合函数练习
  • 子查询
    • 单行子查询
    • 多行子查询

聚合函数

-- 聚合函数
-- 常用的聚合函数
/*
AVG / SUM

MAX / MIN

COUNT
*/
-- 1.1 AVG / SUM  只适用于数值类型的字段或者变量
SELECT AVG(salary),SUM(salary)
FROM employees;

-- 1.2 MAX / MIN 求最大最小值 可以适用于数值类型,字符串类型,日期时间类型的字段和变量
SELECT MAX(salary),MIN(salary)
FROM employees;

-- COUNT 计算指定字段在查询结果中出现的个数
-- 注意:COUNT不计算null值
SELECT COUNT(salary),COUNT(1),COUNT(*)
FROM employees;

-- 如果需要计算表中的记录数,使用COUNT(*),COUNT(1),COUNT(具体字段)哪一个效率更高
-- 如果使用的是MyISAM引擎,则三者效率相同都是O(1)
-- 如果使用的是InnoDB 存储引擎,则三者效率:COUNT(*) = COUNT(1) > COUNT(具体字段)
 

-- GROUP BY的使用(分组操作)
-- 练习:查询各个部分的平均工资,最高工资
SELECT AVG(salary),SUM(salary),department_id
FROM employees
GROUP BY department_id;

-- 查询各个department_id job_id的平均工资
SELECT AVG(salary),department_id,job_id
FROM employees
GROUP BY department_id,job_id

-- 结论:SELECT中出现的非组函数的字段必须声明在GROUP BY中,反之GROUP BY中声明的字段可以不出现在SELECT中
-- 结论:GROUP BY声明在FROM后面,WHERE后面,ORDER BY前面,LIMINT前面
-- 结论:MySQL中GROUP BY中使用WITH ROLLUP
SELECT AVG(salary),department_id
FROM employees
GROUP BY department_id  WITH ROLLUP;

-- 查询各个部门的平均工资,按照平均工资升序排列
SELECT department_id,AVG(salary) 'avg_salary'
FROM employees
GROUP BY department_id
ORDER BY avg_salary ASC;

-- HAVING的使用(用来过滤数据)
-- 1,如果过滤条件中使用了聚合函数,必须使用HAVING来替换WHERE,否则报错
-- 2,HAVING必须声明在GROUP BY的后面
-- 3,开发中我们使用HAVING的前提是SQL中使用了GROUP BY
-- 查询各个部门中最高工资比一万高的部门信息
SELECT MAX(salary),department_id
FROM employees
GROUP BY department_id
HAVING MAX(salary) > 10000

-- 查询部门ID未10,20,30,40中的最高工资比10000高的部门信息
-- 方式1:推荐使用,执行效率高于方式2
SELECT MAX(salary),department_id
FROM employees
WHERE department_id IN (10,20,30,40)
GROUP BY department_id
HAVING MAX(salary) > 10000;


-- 方式2
SELECT MAX(salary),department_id
FROM employees
GROUP BY department_id
HAVING MAX(salary) > 10000
AND department_id IN (10,20,30,40);

-- 结论:当过滤条件中有聚合函数时,则此过滤条件蓄婢声明在HAVING中
-- 当过滤条件中没有聚合函数时,则此过滤条件声明在WHERE中和HAVING中都可以,建议声明在WHERE中
/*
WHERE与HAVING的对比

1,适用范围:HAVING的范围更广
2,如果过滤条件没有聚合函数,WHERE的执行效率要高于HAVING

*/

-- SQL的底层原理
-- 1,SELECT语句的完整结构
/*
#SQL92写法
SELECT ......(存在聚合函数)
FROM .....
WHERE 多表的连接  AND  过滤条件,不包含聚合函数的
GROUP BY....
HAVING ...(过滤条件,可以包含聚合函数)
ORDER BY .....(ASC/DESC)
LIMIT ....
2
#SQL99写法
SELECT ......(存在聚合函数)
FROM .....(LEFT / RIGHT)JOIN .....ON多表的连接条件
(LEFT / RIGHT)JOIN .....ON .....
WHERE 多表的连接  AND  过滤条件,不包含聚合函数的
GROUP BY....
HAVING ...(过滤条件,可以包含聚合函数)
ORDER BY .....(ASC/DESC)
LIMIT ....

*/
-- 2,SQL语句的执行过程:
-- FROM ...--> ON --> (LEFT / RIGHT  JOIN) --> WHERE --> GROUP BY --> HAVING --> SELECT --> DISTINCT --> ORDER BY --> LIMIT

聚合函数练习

#1.where子句可否使用组函数进行过滤?
-- 不可以
#2.查询公司员工工资的最大值,最小值,平均值,总和
SELECT MAX(salary),MIN(salary),AVG(salary),SUM(salary)
FROM employees;

#3.查询各job_id的员工工资的最大值,最小值,平均值,总和
SELECT MAX(salary),MIN(salary),AVG(salary),SUM(salary),job_id
FROM employees
GROUP BY job_id;

#4.选择具有各个job_id的员工人数
SELECT job_id,COUNT(*)
FROM employees
GROUP BY job_id;

# 5.查询员工最高工资和最低工资的差距(DIFFERENCE)
SELECT MAX(salary) - MIN(salary) AS 'DIFFERENCE'
FROM employees;

# 6.查询各个管理者手下员工的最低工资,其中最低工资不能低于6000,没有管理者的员工不计算在内
SELECT MIN(salary)
FROM employees
WHERE manager_id IS NOT NULL
GROUP BY manager_id
HAVING MIN(salary) >= 6000;


# 7.查询所有部门的名字,location_id,员工数量和平均工资,并按平均工资降序
SELECT department_name,location_id,COUNT(employee_id),AVG(salary)
FROM departments d LEFT JOIN employees e
ON d.`department_id` = e.`department_id`
GROUP BY department_name,location_id

# 8.查询每个工种、每个部门的部门名、工种名和最低工资

SELECT d.department_name,e.job_id,MIN(salary)
FROM departments d LEFT JOIN employees e
ON d.`department_id` = e.`department_id`
GROUP BY department_name,job_id

子查询

-- 子查询
-- 需求:谁的工资比Abel的高
-- 方式1:
SELECT last_name,salary
FROM employees
WHERE last_name = "Abel"
SELECT last_name,salary
FROM employees
WHERE salary > 11000;

-- 方式2:自连接
SELECT e2.last_name,e2.salary
FROM employees e1,employees e2
WHERE e2.salary > e1.salary -- 多表的连接条件
AND e1.last_name = 'Abel';

-- 方式3:子查询
SELECT last_name,salary
FROM employees
WHERE salary > (
		SELECT salary
		FROM employees
		WHERE last_name = "Abel"
		);

-- 2:称谓的规范:外查询(主查询)和内查询(子查询)
/*
注意事项
子查询(内查询)在主查询之前一次执行完成。
子查询的结果被主查询(外查询)使用 。
子查询要包含在括号内
将子查询放在比较条件的右侧
单行操作符对应单行子查询,多行操作符对应多行子查询

*/
/*
 3,子查询的分类
 3.1:单行子查询  多行子查询(从内查询返回的结果条目数)
 3.2:相关子查询  不相关子查询  (从内查询是否被执行多次)
	例子:查询工资大于本部门平均工资的员工信息(相关子查询)
	例子:查询工资大于本公司平均工资的员工信息(不相关子查询)
*/
-- 子查询编写技巧:①:从里往外写  ②:从外往里写

单行子查询

-- 4,单行子查询
-- 4.1:单行操作符:= > < >= <= <>
-- 练习:查询工资大于149号员工工资的员工信息

SELECT last_name,salary,employee_id
FROM employees
WHERE salary > (
		SELECT salary
		FROM employees
		WHERE employee_id = 149
		);

-- 练习:返回job_id与141员工相同,salary比143号员工多的员工姓名,job_id和工资

SELECT last_name,job_id,salary
FROM employees
WHERE job_id = (
		SELECT job_id
		FROM employees
		WHERE employee_id = 141
		)
AND salary > (
		SELECT salary
		FROM employees
		WHERE employee_id = 143
		);

-- 练习:返回公司工资最少的员工的last_name,job_id和salary

SELECT last_name,job_id,salary
FROM employees
WHERE salary = (
		SELECT MIN(salary)
		FROM employees
		);

-- 练习:查询与141号员工的manager_id和department_id相同的其他员工的employee_id,manager_id,department_id

SELECT employee_id,manager_id,department_id
FROM employees
WHERE manager_id = (
			SELECT manager_id
			FROM employees
			WHERE employee_id = 141
			)
AND department_id = (
			SELECT department_id
			FROM employees
			WHERE employee_id = 141
			)
AND employee_id <> 141;
			
-- 练习:查询最低工资大于50号部门最低工资的部门id和其最低工资
SELECT department_id,MIN(salary)			
FROM employees
WHERE department_id IS NOT NULL
GROUP BY department_id
HAVING MIN(salary) > (
			SELECT MIN(salary)
			FROM employees
			WHERE department_id = 50
			);

-- 练习:显式员工的employee_id,last_name和location。其中,
-- 若员工department_id与location_id为1800
-- 的department_id相同,则location为’Canada’,其余则为’USA’。

SELECT employee_id,last_name,(CASE department_id WHEN (SELECT department_id
							FROM departments
							WHERE department_id = 1800) 
							THEN 'Canada'
						 ELSE 'USA' END) AS "location"
FROM employees;

多行子查询

-- 5,多行子查询
/*
多行子查询操作符:IN / ANY / ALL / SOME(同ANY)

也称为集合比较子查询
内查询返回多行
使用多行比较操作符
*/
-- IN 举例:
SELECT employee_id,last_name
FROM employees
WHERE salary IN (
		SELECT MIN(salary)
		FROM employees
		GROUP BY department_id
		);
-- ANY 举例:
-- 返回其它job_id中比job_id为‘IT_PROG’部门任一工资低的员工的
-- 员工号、姓名、job_id 以及salary
SELECT employee_id,last_name,job_id,salary
FROM employees
WHERE job_id <> 'IT_PROG'
AND salary < ANY(
		SELECT salary
		FROM employees
		WHERE job_id = 'IT_PROG'
		)

-- ALL 举例:
-- 返回其它job_id中比job_id为‘IT_PROG’部门所有工资低的员工的
-- 员工号、姓名、job_id 以及salary
SELECT employee_id,last_name,job_id,salary
FROM employees
WHERE job_id <> 'IT_PROG'
AND salary < ALL(
		SELECT salary
		FROM employees
		WHERE job_id = 'IT_PROG'
		)

-- 查询平均工资最低的部门id
-- FROM中也可以使用子查询
-- MySQL聚合函数不可以嵌套
-- 方式1
SELECT department_Id
FROM employees
GROUP BY department_id
HAVING AVG(salary) = (
			SELECT MIN(avg_sal)
			FROM (
				SELECT AVG(salary) AS avg_sal
				FROM employees
				GROUP BY department_id
				) t_dept_avg_sal
			)
-- 方式2
SELECT department_Id
FROM employees
GROUP BY department_id
HAVING AVG(salary) <= ALL(
			SELECT AVG(salary) AS avg_sal
			FROM employees
			GROUP BY department_id
			)
-- 5.3 空值问题
-- 例子
SELECT last_name
FROM employees
WHERE employee_id NOT IN (
			SELECT manager_id
			FROM employees
			);
-- 改正后
SELECT last_name
FROM employees
WHERE employee_id NOT IN (
			SELECT manager_id
			FROM employees
			WHERE manager_id IS NOT NULL
			);

-- 6,相关子查询
-- 查询员工中工资大于本公司平均工资的员工的last_name,salary和其department_id
SELECT last_name,salary,department_id
FROM employees
WHERE salary > (
		SELECT AVG(salary)
		FROM employees
		);

-- 查询员工中工资大于本部门平均工资的员工的last_name,salary和其department_id
SELECT last_name,salary,department_id
FROM employees e1
WHERE salary > (
		SELECT AVG(salary)
		FROM employees e2
		WHERE department_id = e1.`department_id`
		);
-- 方式2:在FROM中声明子查询
SELECT e.last_name,e.salary,e.department_id
FROM employees e,(
		SELECT department_id,AVG(salary) avg_sal
		FROM employees e2
		GROUP BY department_id
		) e2
WHERE e.`department_id` = e2.department_id
AND e.`salary` > e2.avg_sal

-- 查询员工的id,salary,按照department_name 排序
SELECT employee_id,salary
FROM employees e
ORDER BY (
	SELECT department_name
	FROM departments d
	WHERE e.`department_id` = d.`department_id`
	) DESC;

-- 结论:在SELECT中,除了GROUP BY和LIMIT中不可以写子查询,其他位置都可以

/*
若employees表中employee_id与job_history表中employee_id相同的数目不小于2,输出这些相同
id的员工的employee_id,last_name和其job_id
*/

SELECT employee_id,last_name,job_id
FROM employees e
WHERE 2 <= (
		SELECT COUNT(*)
		FROM job_history j
		WHERE e.`employee_id` = j.`employee_id` 
		)

--  EXISTS 与 NOT EXISTS关键字
-- 练习:查询公司管理者的employee_id,last_name,job_id,department_id信息
-- 方式1:
SELECT DISTINCT mgr.employee_id,mgr.last_name,mgr.job_id,mgr.department_id
FROM employees emp JOIN employees mgr
ON emp.manager_id = mgr.employee_id;

-- 方式2:子查询

SELECT employee_id,last_name,job_id,department_id
FROM employees
WHERE employee_id IN (
		SELECT DISTINCT manager_id
		FROM employees
		);

-- 方式3:使用EXISTS

SELECT employee_id,last_name,job_id,department_id
FROM employees e
WHERE EXISTS (
		SELECT *
		FROM employees e1
		WHERE e.`employee_id` = e1.`manager_id`
		);


-- 查询departments表中,不存在于employees表中的部门的department_id和department_name
-- 方式1
SELECT d.department_id,department_name
FROM employees e RIGHT  JOIN departments d
ON e.`department_id` = d.`department_id`
WHERE e.`department_id` IS NULL;

-- 方式2
SELECT d.department_id,department_name
FROM departments d
WHERE NOT EXISTS (
		SELECT *
		FROM employees e
		WHERE d.`department_id` = e.`department_id`
		);

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