MySql教程
【MySQL】笔记（3）--- 连接查询；子查询；union；limit；
一.连接查询：
1.1、什么是连接查询？
在实际开发中，大部分的情况下都不是从单表中查询数据，一般都是多张表联合查询取出最终的结果。
在实际开发中，一般一个业务都会对应多张表，比如：学生和班级，起码两张表。
stuno stuname classno classname
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------
1 zs 1 北京大兴区亦庄经济技术开发区第二中学高三1班
2 ls 1 北京大兴区亦庄经济技术开发区第二中学高三1班
...
学生和班级信息存储到一张表中，结果就像上面一样，数据会存在大量的重复，导致数据的冗余。
1.2、连接查询的分类？
根据语法出现的年代来划分的话，包括：
SQL92（一些老的DBA可能还在使用这种语法,DBA：DataBase Administrator，数据库管理员）
SQL99（比较新的语法）
根据表的连接方式来划分，包括：
内连接：
等值连接
非等值连接
自连接
外连接：
左外连接（左连接）
右外连接（右连接）
全连接（这个不讲，很少用！）
1.3、在表的连接查询方面有一种现象被称为：笛卡尔积现象 / 笛卡尔乘积现象
笛卡尔积现象：当两张表进行连接查询的时候，没有任何条件进行限制，最终的查询结果条数是两张表记录条数的乘积。
案例：找出每一个员工的部门名称，要求显示员工名和部门名。
EMP表
+--------+--------+
| ename | deptno |
+--------+--------+
| SMITH | 20 |
| ALLEN | 30 |
| WARD | 30 |
| JONES | 20 |
| MARTIN | 30 |
| BLAKE | 30 |
| CLARK | 10 |
| SCOTT | 20 |
| KING | 10 |
| TURNER | 30 |
| ADAMS | 20 |
| JAMES | 30 |
| FORD | 20 |
| MILLER | 10 |
+--------+--------+
DEPT表
+--------+------------+----------+
| DEPTNO | DNAME | LOC |
+--------+------------+----------+
| 10 | ACCOUNTING | NEW YORK |
| 20 | RESEARCH | DALLAS |
| 30 | SALES | CHICAGO |
| 40 | OPERATIONS | BOSTON |
+--------+------------+----------+
select ename,dname from emp,dept;
+--------+------------+
| ename | dname |
+--------+------------+
| SMITH | ACCOUNTING |
| SMITH | RESEARCH |
| SMITH | SALES |
| SMITH | OPERATIONS |
| ALLEN | ACCOUNTING |
| ALLEN | RESEARCH |
| ALLEN | SALES |
| ALLEN | OPERATIONS |
............( 4X14 )
关于表的别名：
select e.ename,d.dname from emp e,dept d;
表的别名有什么好处？
第一：执行效率高。
第二：可读性好。
1.4、怎么避免笛卡尔积现象？当然是加条件进行过滤。
思考：避免了笛卡尔积现象，会减少记录的匹配次数吗？
不会，次数还是56次。只不过显示的是有效记录。
案例：找出每一个员工的部门名称，要求显示员工名和部门名。
select e.ename,d.dname from emp e,dept d where e.deptno = d.deptno;
+--------+------------+
| ename | dname |
+--------+------------+
| CLARK | ACCOUNTING |
| KING | ACCOUNTING |
| MILLER | ACCOUNTING |
| SMITH | RESEARCH |
| JONES | RESEARCH |
| SCOTT | RESEARCH |
| ADAMS | RESEARCH |
| FORD | RESEARCH |
| ALLEN | SALES |
| WARD | SALES |
| MARTIN | SALES |
| BLAKE | SALES |
| TURNER | SALES |
| JAMES | SALES |
+--------+------------+
1.5、内连接之等值连接：最大特点是：条件是等量关系。
案例：查询每个员工的部门名称，要求显示员工名和部门名。
SQL92:（太老，不用了）
select
e.ename,d.dname
from
emp e, dept d
where
e.deptno = d.deptno;
SQL99：（常用的）
select
e.ename,d.dname
from
emp e
inner join // inner可以省略的，带着inner目的是可读性好一些
dept d
on
e.deptno = d.deptno;
+--------+------------+
| ename | dname |
+--------+------------+
| CLARK | ACCOUNTING |
| KING | ACCOUNTING |
| MILLER | ACCOUNTING |
| SMITH | RESEARCH |
| JONES | RESEARCH |
| SCOTT | RESEARCH |
| ADAMS | RESEARCH |
| FORD | RESEARCH |
| ALLEN | SALES |
| WARD | SALES |
| MARTIN | SALES |
| BLAKE | SALES |
| TURNER | SALES |
| JAMES | SALES |
+--------+------------+
语法：
...
A
join
B
on
连接条件
where ...
SQL99语法结构更清晰一些：表的连接条件和后来的where条件分离了。
1.6、内连接之非等值连接：最大的特点是：连接条件中的关系是非等量关系。
案例：找出每个员工的工资等级，要求显示员工名、工资、工资等级。
mysql> select ename,sal from emp e
+--------+---------+
| ename | sal |
+--------+---------+
| SMITH | 800.00 |
| ALLEN | 1600.00 |
| WARD | 1250.00 |
| JONES | 2975.00 |
| MARTIN | 1250.00 |
| BLAKE | 2850.00 |
| CLARK | 2450.00 |
| SCOTT | 3000.00 |
| KING | 5000.00 |
| TURNER | 1500.00 |
| ADAMS | 1100.00 |
| JAMES | 950.00 |
| FORD | 3000.00 |
| MILLER | 1300.00 |
+--------+---------+
mysql> select * from salgrade s
+-------+-------+-------+
| GRADE | LOSAL | HISAL |
+-------+-------+-------+
| 1 | 700 | 1200 |
| 2 | 1201 | 1400 |
| 3 | 1401 | 2000 |
| 4 | 2001 | 3000 |
| 5 | 3001 | 9999 |
+-------+-------+-------+
select
e.ename,e.sal,s.grade
from
emp e
(inner) join
salgrade s
on
e.sal between s.losal and s.hisal;
+--------+---------+-------+
| ename | sal | grade |
+--------+---------+-------+
| SMITH | 800.00 | 1 |
| ALLEN | 1600.00 | 3 |
| WARD | 1250.00 | 2 |
| JONES | 2975.00 | 4 |
| MARTIN | 1250.00 | 2 |
| BLAKE | 2850.00 | 4 |
| CLARK | 2450.00 | 4 |
| SCOTT | 3000.00 | 4 |
| KING | 5000.00 | 5 |
| TURNER | 1500.00 | 3 |
| ADAMS | 1100.00 | 1 |
| JAMES | 950.00 | 1 |
| FORD | 3000.00 | 4 |
| MILLER | 1300.00 | 2 |
+--------+---------+-------+
1.7、自连接：最大的特点是：一张表看做两张表。自己连接自己。
案例：找出每个员工的上级领导，要求显示员工名和对应的领导名。
mysql> select empno,ename,mgr from emp;
emp a 员工表
+-------+--------+------+
| empno | ename | mgr |
+-------+--------+------+
| 7369 | SMITH | 7902 |
| 7499 | ALLEN | 7698 |
| 7521 | WARD | 7698 |
| 7566 | JONES | 7839 |
| 7654 | MARTIN | 7698 |
| 7698 | BLAKE | 7839 |
| 7782 | CLARK | 7839 |
| 7788 | SCOTT | 7566 |
| 7839 | KING | NULL |
| 7844 | TURNER | 7698 |
| 7876 | ADAMS | 7788 |
| 7900 | JAMES | 7698 |
| 7902 | FORD | 7566 |
| 7934 | MILLER | 7782 |
+-------+--------+------+
emp b 领导表
+-------+--------+
| empno | ename |
+-------+--------+
| 7566 | JONES |
| 7698 | BLAKE |
| 7782 | CLARK |
| 7788 | SCOTT |
| 7839 | KING |
| 7902 | FORD |
+-------+--------+
员工的领导编号 = 领导的员工编号
select
a.ename as '员工名',b.ename as '领导名'
from
emp a
inner join
emp b
on
a.mgr = b.empno;
+--------+--------+
| 员工名 | 领导名 |
+--------+--------+
| SMITH | FORD |
| ALLEN | BLAKE |
| WARD | BLAKE |
| JONES | KING |
| MARTIN | BLAKE |
| BLAKE | KING |
| CLARK | KING |
| SCOTT | JONES |
| TURNER | BLAKE |
| ADAMS | SCOTT |
| JAMES | BLAKE |
| FORD | JONES |
| MILLER | CLARK |
+--------+--------+
1.8、外连接:
外连接的分类？
左外连接（左连接）：表示左边的这张表是主表。
右外连接（右连接）：表示右边的这张表是主表。
案例：找出每个员工的上级领导？（所有员工必须全部查询出来）
emp a 员工表
+-------+--------+------+
| empno | ename | mgr |
+-------+--------+------+
| 7369 | SMITH | 7902 |.
| 7499 | ALLEN | 7698 |
| 7521 | WARD | 7698 |
| 7566 | JONES | 7839 |
| 7654 | MARTIN | 7698 |
| 7698 | BLAKE | 7839 |
| 7782 | CLARK | 7839 |
| 7788 | SCOTT | 7566 |
| 7839 | KING | NULL |
| 7844 | TURNER | 7698 |
| 7876 | ADAMS | 7788 |
| 7900 | JAMES | 7698 |
| 7902 | FORD | 7566 |
| 7934 | MILLER | 7782 |
+-------+--------+------+
emp b 领导表
+-------+--------+
| empno | ename |
+-------+--------+
| 7566 | JONES |
| 7698 | BLAKE |
| 7782 | CLARK |
| 7788 | SCOTT |
| 7839 | KING |
| 7902 | FORD |
+-------+--------+
内连接：
select
a.ename '员工', b.ename '领导'
from
emp a
join
emp b
on
a.mgr = b.empno;
外连接：（左外连接/左连接）
select
a.ename '员工', b.ename '领导'
from
emp a
left （outer）join
emp b
on
a.mgr = b.empno;
外连接：（右外连接/右连接）
select
a.ename '员工', b.ename '领导'
from
emp b
right （outer）join
emp a
on
a.mgr = b.empno;
+--------+-------+
| 员工 | 领导 |
+--------+-------+
| SMITH | FORD |
| ALLEN | BLAKE |
| WARD | BLAKE |
| JONES | KING |
| MARTIN | BLAKE |
| BLAKE | KING |
| CLARK | KING |
| SCOTT | JONES |
| KING | NULL |
| TURNER | BLAKE |
| ADAMS | SCOTT |
| JAMES | BLAKE |
| FORD | JONES |
| MILLER | CLARK |
+--------+-------+
外连接最重要的特点是：主表的数据无条件的全部查询出来。
1.9、三张表怎么连接查询？
案例：找出每一个员工的部门名称以及工资等级。
EMP e
+-------+--------+---------+--------+
| empno | ename | sal | deptno |
+-------+--------+---------+--------+
| 7369 | SMITH | 800.00 | 20 |
| 7499 | ALLEN | 1600.00 | 30 |
| 7521 | WARD | 1250.00 | 30 |
| 7566 | JONES | 2975.00 | 20 |
| 7654 | MARTIN | 1250.00 | 30 |
| 7698 | BLAKE | 2850.00 | 30 |
| 7782 | CLARK | 2450.00 | 10 |
| 7788 | SCOTT | 3000.00 | 20 |
| 7839 | KING | 5000.00 | 10 |
| 7844 | TURNER | 1500.00 | 30 |
| 7876 | ADAMS | 1100.00 | 20 |
| 7900 | JAMES | 950.00 | 30 |
| 7902 | FORD | 3000.00 | 20 |
| 7934 | MILLER | 1300.00 | 10 |
+-------+--------+---------+--------+
DEPT d
+--------+------------+----------+
| DEPTNO | DNAME | LOC |
+--------+------------+----------+
| 10 | ACCOUNTING | NEW YORK |
| 20 | RESEARCH | DALLAS |
| 30 | SALES | CHICAGO |
| 40 | OPERATIONS | BOSTON |
+--------+------------+----------+
SALGRADE s
+-------+-------+-------+
| GRADE | LOSAL | HISAL |
+-------+-------+-------+
| 1 | 700 | 1200 |
| 2 | 1201 | 1400 |
| 3 | 1401 | 2000 |
| 4 | 2001 | 3000 |
| 5 | 3001 | 9999 |
+-------+-------+-------+
// "1"表和"2"表先进行表连接，连接之后"1"表继续和"3"表进行连接：
select
e.ename,d.dname,s.grade
from
emp e
join
dept d
on
e.deptno = d.deptno
join
salgrade s
on
e.sal between s.losal and s.hisal;
+--------+------------+-------+
| ename | dname | grade |
+--------+------------+-------+
| SMITH | RESEARCH | 1 |
| ALLEN | SALES | 3 |
| WARD | SALES | 2 |
| JONES | RESEARCH | 4 |
| MARTIN | SALES | 2 |
| BLAKE | SALES | 4 |
| CLARK | ACCOUNTING | 4 |
| SCOTT | RESEARCH | 4 |
| KING | ACCOUNTING | 5 |
| TURNER | SALES | 3 |
| ADAMS | RESEARCH | 1 |
| JAMES | SALES | 1 |
| FORD | RESEARCH | 4 |
| MILLER | ACCOUNTING | 2 |
+--------+------------+-------+
案例：找出每一个员工的部门名称、工资等级、以及上级领导。
select
e.ename '员工',d.dname,s.grade,e1.ename '领导'
from
emp e
join
dept d
on
e.deptno = d.deptno
join
salgrade s
on
e.sal between s.losal and s.hisal
left join
emp e1
on
e.mgr = e1.empno;
+--------+------------+-------+-------+
| 员工 | dname | grade | 领导 |
+--------+------------+-------+-------+
| SMITH | RESEARCH | 1 | FORD |
| ALLEN | SALES | 3 | BLAKE |
| WARD | SALES | 2 | BLAKE |
| JONES | RESEARCH | 4 | KING |
| MARTIN | SALES | 2 | BLAKE |
| BLAKE | SALES | 4 | KING |
| CLARK | ACCOUNTING | 4 | KING |
| SCOTT | RESEARCH | 4 | JONES |
| KING | ACCOUNTING | 5 | NULL |
| TURNER | SALES | 3 | BLAKE |
| ADAMS | RESEARCH | 1 | SCOTT |
| JAMES | SALES | 1 | BLAKE |
| FORD | RESEARCH | 4 | JONES |
| MILLER | ACCOUNTING | 2 | CLARK |
+--------+------------+-------+-------+
二.子查询：
2.1、select语句当中嵌套select语句，被嵌套的select语句是子查询。
子查询可以出现在哪里？
select
..(select).
from
..(select).
where
..(select).
2.2、where子句中使用子查询
案例：找出高于平均薪资的员工信息。
select * from emp where sal > avg(sal); //错误的写法，where后面不能直接使用分组函数
第一步：找出平均薪资
select avg(sal) from emp;
+-------------+
| avg(sal) |
+-------------+
| 2073.214286 |
+-------------+
第二步：where过滤
select * from emp where sal > 2073.214286;
+-------+-------+-----------+------+------------+---------+------+--------+
| EMPNO | ENAME | JOB | MGR | HIREDATE | SAL | COMM | DEPTNO |
+-------+-------+-----------+------+------------+---------+------+--------+
| 7566 | JONES | MANAGER | 7839 | 1981-04-02 | 2975.00 | NULL | 20 |
| 7698 | BLAKE | MANAGER | 7839 | 1981-05-01 | 2850.00 | NULL | 30 |
| 7782 | CLARK | MANAGER | 7839 | 1981-06-09 | 2450.00 | NULL | 10 |
| 7788 | SCOTT | ANALYST | 7566 | 1987-04-19 | 3000.00 | NULL | 20 |
| 7839 | KING | PRESIDENT | NULL | 1981-11-17 | 5000.00 | NULL | 10 |
| 7902 | FORD | ANALYST | 7566 | 1981-12-03 | 3000.00 | NULL | 20 |
+-------+-------+-----------+------+------------+---------+------+--------+
第一步和第二步合并：
select * from emp where sal > (select avg(sal) from emp);
2.3、from后面嵌套子查询
案例：找出每个部门平均薪水的等级。
第一步：找出每个部门平均薪水（按照部门编号分组，求sal的平均值）
select deptno,avg(sal) as avgsal from emp group by deptno;
+--------+-------------+
| deptno | avgsal |
+--------+-------------+
| 10 | 2916.666667 |
| 20 | 2175.000000 |
| 30 | 1566.666667 |
+--------+-------------+
第二步：将以上的查询结果当做临时表t，让t表和salgrade s表连接，条件是：t.avgsal between s.losal and s.hisal
select
t.*,s.grade
from
(select deptno,avg(sal) as avgsal from emp group by deptno) t
join
salgrade s
on
t.avgsal between s.losal and s.hisal;
+--------+-------------+-------+
| deptno | avgsal | grade |
+--------+-------------+-------+
| 30 | 1566.666667 | 3 |
| 10 | 2916.666667 | 4 |
| 20 | 2175.000000 | 4 |
+--------+-------------+-------+
案例：找出每个部门平均的薪水等级。
第一步：找出每个员工的薪水等级。
select e.ename,e.sal,e.deptno,s.grade from emp e join salgrade s on e.sal between s.losal and s.hisal;
+--------+---------+--------+-------+
| ename | sal | deptno | grade |
+--------+---------+--------+-------+
| SMITH | 800.00 | 20 | 1 |
| ALLEN | 1600.00 | 30 | 3 |
| WARD | 1250.00 | 30 | 2 |
| JONES | 2975.00 | 20 | 4 |
| MARTIN | 1250.00 | 30 | 2 |
| BLAKE | 2850.00 | 30 | 4 |
| CLARK | 2450.00 | 10 | 4 |
| SCOTT | 3000.00 | 20 | 4 |
| KING | 5000.00 | 10 | 5 |
| TURNER | 1500.00 | 30 | 3 |
| ADAMS | 1100.00 | 20 | 1 |
| JAMES | 950.00 | 30 | 1 |
| FORD | 3000.00 | 20 | 4 |
| MILLER | 1300.00 | 10 | 2 |
+--------+---------+--------+-------+
第二步：基于以上结果，继续按照deptno分组，求grade平均值。
select
e.deptno,avg(s.grade)
from
emp e
join
salgrade s
on
e.sal between s.losal and s.hisal
group by
e.deptno;
+--------+--------------+
| deptno | avg(s.grade) |
+--------+--------------+
| 10 | 3.6667 |
| 20 | 2.8000 |
| 30 | 2.5000 |
+--------+--------------+
2.4、在select后面嵌套子查询。
案例：找出每个员工所在的部门名称，要求显示员工名和部门名。
//方法一：
select e.ename,d.dname
from emp e join dept d on e.deptno = d.deptno;
//方法二：（select后嵌套子查询）
select
e.ename,(select d.dname from dept d where e.deptno = d.deptno) as dname
from
emp e;
+--------+------------+
| ename | dname |
+--------+------------+
| SMITH | RESEARCH |
| ALLEN | SALES |
| WARD | SALES |
| JONES | RESEARCH |
| MARTIN | SALES |
| BLAKE | SALES |
| CLARK | ACCOUNTING |
| SCOTT | RESEARCH |
| KING | ACCOUNTING |
| TURNER | SALES |
| ADAMS | RESEARCH |
| JAMES | SALES |
| FORD | RESEARCH |
| MILLER | ACCOUNTING |
+--------+------------+
三.union：
3.1union:拼接查询结果；
案例：找出工作岗位是SALESMAN和MANAGER的员工？
第一种：select ename,job from emp where job = 'MANAGER' or job = 'SALESMAN';
第二种：select ename,job from emp where job in('MANAGER','SALESMAN');
+--------+----------+
| ename | job |
+--------+----------+
| ALLEN | SALESMAN |
| WARD | SALESMAN |
| JONES | MANAGER |
| MARTIN | SALESMAN |
| BLAKE | MANAGER |
| CLARK | MANAGER |
| TURNER | SALESMAN |
+--------+----------+
第三种：union
select ename,job from emp where job = 'MANAGER'
union
select ename,job from emp where job = 'SALESMAN';
+--------+----------+
| ename | job |
+--------+----------+
| JONES | MANAGER |
| BLAKE | MANAGER |
| CLARK | MANAGER |
| ALLEN | SALESMAN |
| WARD | SALESMAN |
| MARTIN | SALESMAN |
| TURNER | SALESMAN |
+--------+----------+
3.2两张不相干的表中的数据拼接在一起显示？
select ename from emp
union
select dname from dept;
//毫无意义：
+------------+
| ename |
+------------+
| SMITH |
| ALLEN |
| WARD |
| JONES |
| MARTIN |
| BLAKE |
| CLARK |
| SCOTT |
| KING |
| TURNER |
| ADAMS |
| JAMES |
| FORD |
| MILLER |
| ACCOUNTING |
| RESEARCH |
| SALES |
| OPERATIONS |
+------------+
3.3 mysql> select ename,sal from emp
-> union
-> select dname from dept;
ERROR 1222 (21000): The used SELECT statements have a different number of columns（列数不对应）
四.limit ：
4.1、limit是mysql特有的，其他数据库中没有，不通用（Oracle中有一个相同的机制，叫做rownum）；
4.2、limit取结果集中的部分数据，这是它的作用（分页）；
4.3、语法机制：
limit startIndex, length
startIndex表示起始位置，从0开始，0表示第一条数据。
length表示取几个
案例：取出工资前5名的员工（思路：降序取前5个）
select ename,sal from emp order by sal desc;
取前5个：
select ename,sal from emp order by sal desc limit 0, 5;
select ename,sal from emp order by sal desc limit 5;
//limit是sql语句最后执行的一个环节;
4.4、案例：找出工资排名在第4到第9名的员工？
select ename,sal from emp order by sal desc limit 3,6;
+--------+---------+
| ename | sal |
+--------+---------+
| JONES | 2975.00 |
| BLAKE | 2850.00 |
| CLARK | 2450.00 |
| ALLEN | 1600.00 |
| TURNER | 1500.00 |
| MILLER | 1300.00 |
+--------+---------+
4.5、通用的标准分页sql？
每页显示3条记录：
第1页：0, 3
第2页：3, 3
第3页：6, 3
......
每页显示pageSize条记录： //pageSize是什么？是每页显示多少条记录
第pageNo页：(pageNo - 1) * pageSize, pageSize //pageNo是什么？显示第几页
java代码{
int pageNo = 2; // 页码是2
int pageSize = 10; // 每页显示10条
limit (pageNo - 1) * pageSize, pageSize
}
资料出处：https://www.bilibili.com/video/BV1fx411X7BD
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