C 语言 string 函数,在 C 语言中可以使用 char* 字符数组实现字符串,C 语言标准库 string.h 中也定义了多种字符串操作函数。
字符串使用广泛,需要满足:
下面代码展示了 C 语言中 '\0' 结束字符对字符串的影响。下图展示了一个值为 "Redis" 的 C 字符串:
#include "stdio.h" #include "string.h" int main(void) { char *a = "red\0is"; char *b = "redis\0"; printf("%lu\n", strlen(a)); printf("%lu\n", strlen(b)); }
输出结果是 3 和 5。
SDS(简单动态字符串) 是 simple dynamic string 的简称,Redis 使用 SDS 作为字符串的数据结构。Redis 中所有的键(key)底层都是 SDS 实现的。
比如:
redis> SET msg "hello world" OK
redis> RPUSH fruits "apple" "banana" "cherry" (integer) 3
Redis sds 源码主要在 sds.h 和 sds.c 中。其中可以发现 Redis 给 char* 起了别名:
typedef char *sds;
SDS 结构中有一个元数据 flags,表示的是 SDS 类型(最低 3 位)。事实上,SDS 一共设计了 5 种类型,分别是 sdshdr5、sdshdr8、sdshdr16、sdshdr32 和 sdshdr64。这 5 种类型的主要区别就在于,它们数据结构中的字符数组现有长度 len 和分配空间长度 alloc,这两个元数据的数据类型不同。
/* Note: sdshdr5 is never used, we just access the flags byte directly. * However is here to document the layout of type 5 SDS strings. */ struct __attribute__ ((__packed__)) sdshdr5 { unsigned char flags; /* 3 lsb of type, and 5 msb of string length */ char buf[]; }; struct __attribute__ ((__packed__)) sdshdr8 { uint8_t len; /* used */ uint8_t alloc; /* excluding the header and null terminator */ unsigned char flags; /* 3 lsb of type, 5 unused bits */ char buf[]; }; struct __attribute__ ((__packed__)) sdshdr16 { uint16_t len; /* used */ uint16_t alloc; /* excluding the header and null terminator */ unsigned char flags; /* 3 lsb of type, 5 unused bits */ char buf[]; }; struct __attribute__ ((__packed__)) sdshdr32 { uint32_t len; /* used */ uint32_t alloc; /* excluding the header and null terminator */ unsigned char flags; /* 3 lsb of type, 5 unused bits */ char buf[]; }; struct __attribute__ ((__packed__)) sdshdr64 { uint64_t len; /* used */ uint64_t alloc; /* excluding the header and null terminator */ unsigned char flags; /* 3 lsb of type, 5 unused bits */ char buf[]; };
static inline size_t sdslen(const sds s) { unsigned char flags = s[-1]; switch(flags&SDS_TYPE_MASK) { case SDS_TYPE_5: return SDS_TYPE_5_LEN(flags); case SDS_TYPE_8: return SDS_HDR(8,s)->len; case SDS_TYPE_16: return SDS_HDR(16,s)->len; case SDS_TYPE_32: return SDS_HDR(32,s)->len; case SDS_TYPE_64: return SDS_HDR(64,s)->len; } return 0; }
获取剩余容量:sdsavail 函数,总容量 alloc - 已使用长度 len,时间复杂度是 O(1)。
static inline size_t sdsavail(const sds s) { unsigned char flags = s[-1]; switch(flags&SDS_TYPE_MASK) { case SDS_TYPE_5: { return 0; } case SDS_TYPE_8: { SDS_HDR_VAR(8,s); return sh->alloc - sh->len; } case SDS_TYPE_16: { SDS_HDR_VAR(16,s); return sh->alloc - sh->len; } case SDS_TYPE_32: { SDS_HDR_VAR(32,s); return sh->alloc - sh->len; } case SDS_TYPE_64: { SDS_HDR_VAR(64,s); return sh->alloc - sh->len; } } return 0; }
基础方法有:
sds sdsnewlen(const void *init, size_t initlen); sds sdstrynewlen(const void *init, size_t initlen); sds sdsnew(const char *init); sds sdsempty(void); sds sdsdup(const sds s); void sdsfree(sds s); sds sdsgrowzero(sds s, size_t len); sds sdscatlen(sds s, const void *t, size_t len); sds sdscat(sds s, const char *t); sds sdscatsds(sds s, const sds t); sds sdscpylen(sds s, const char *t, size_t len); sds sdscpy(sds s, const char *t); sds sdscatvprintf(sds s, const char *fmt, va_list ap); #ifdef __GNUC__ sds sdscatprintf(sds s, const char *fmt, ...) __attribute__((format(printf, 2, 3))); #else sds sdscatprintf(sds s, const char *fmt, ...); #endif sds sdscatfmt(sds s, char const *fmt, ...); sds sdstrim(sds s, const char *cset); void sdssubstr(sds s, size_t start, size_t len); void sdsrange(sds s, ssize_t start, ssize_t end); void sdsupdatelen(sds s); void sdsclear(sds s); int sdscmp(const sds s1, const sds s2); sds *sdssplitlen(const char *s, ssize_t len, const char *sep, int seplen, int *count); void sdsfreesplitres(sds *tokens, int count); void sdstolower(sds s); void sdstoupper(sds s); sds sdsfromlonglong(long long value); sds sdscatrepr(sds s, const char *p, size_t len); sds *sdssplitargs(const char *line, int *argc); sds sdsmapchars(sds s, const char *from, const char *to, size_t setlen); sds sdsjoin(char **argv, int argc, char *sep); sds sdsjoinsds(sds *argv, int argc, const char *sep, size_t seplen); /* Callback for sdstemplate. The function gets called by sdstemplate * every time a variable needs to be expanded. The variable name is * provided as variable, and the callback is expected to return a * substitution value. Returning a NULL indicates an error. */ typedef sds (*sdstemplate_callback_t)(const sds variable, void *arg); sds sdstemplate(const char *template, sdstemplate_callback_t cb_func, void *cb_arg); /* Low level functions exposed to the user API */ sds sdsMakeRoomFor(sds s, size_t addlen); void sdsIncrLen(sds s, ssize_t incr); sds sdsRemoveFreeSpace(sds s); size_t sdsAllocSize(sds s); void *sdsAllocPtr(sds s); /* Export the allocator used by SDS to the program using SDS. * Sometimes the program SDS is linked to, may use a different set of * allocators, but may want to allocate or free things that SDS will * respectively free or allocate. */ void *sds_malloc(size_t size); void *sds_realloc(void *ptr, size_t size); void sds_free(void *ptr);
整体和 Java 的 StringBuilder 很像了 O_o
/* Create a new sds string starting from a null terminated C string. */ sds sdsnew(const char *init) { size_t initlen = (init == NULL) ? 0 : strlen(init); return sdsnewlen(init, initlen); }
首先是判断输入的 init 字符串的长度,接着调用 sdsnewlen 分配内存空间并赋值。
sds sdsnewlen(const void *init, size_t initlen) { return _sdsnewlen(init, initlen, 0); }
核心函数_sdsnewlen 如下,主要就是先确保空间是否足够、分配空间,然后再调用 memcpy 将 *init 复制到对应的内存空间。
/* Create a new sds string with the content specified by the 'init' pointer * and 'initlen'. * If NULL is used for 'init' the string is initialized with zero bytes. * If SDS_NOINIT is used, the buffer is left uninitialized; * * The string is always null-termined (all the sds strings are, always) so * even if you create an sds string with: * * mystring = sdsnewlen("abc",3); * * You can print the string with printf() as there is an implicit \0 at the * end of the string. However the string is binary safe and can contain * \0 characters in the middle, as the length is stored in the sds header. */ sds _sdsnewlen(const void *init, size_t initlen, int trymalloc) { void *sh; sds s; char type = sdsReqType(initlen); /* Empty strings are usually created in order to append. Use type 8 * since type 5 is not good at this. */ if (type == SDS_TYPE_5 && initlen == 0) type = SDS_TYPE_8; int hdrlen = sdsHdrSize(type); unsigned char *fp; /* flags pointer. */ size_t usable; assert(initlen + hdrlen + 1 > initlen); /* Catch size_t overflow */ sh = trymalloc? s_trymalloc_usable(hdrlen+initlen+1, &usable) : s_malloc_usable(hdrlen+initlen+1, &usable); if (sh == NULL) return NULL; if (init==SDS_NOINIT) init = NULL; else if (!init) memset(sh, 0, hdrlen+initlen+1); s = (char*)sh+hdrlen; fp = ((unsigned char*)s)-1; usable = usable-hdrlen-1; if (usable > sdsTypeMaxSize(type)) usable = sdsTypeMaxSize(type); switch(type) { case SDS_TYPE_5: { *fp = type | (initlen << SDS_TYPE_BITS); break; } case SDS_TYPE_8: { SDS_HDR_VAR(8,s); sh->len = initlen; sh->alloc = usable; *fp = type; break; } case SDS_TYPE_16: { SDS_HDR_VAR(16,s); sh->len = initlen; sh->alloc = usable; *fp = type; break; } case SDS_TYPE_32: { SDS_HDR_VAR(32,s); sh->len = initlen; sh->alloc = usable; *fp = type; break; } case SDS_TYPE_64: { SDS_HDR_VAR(64,s); sh->len = initlen; sh->alloc = usable; *fp = type; break; } } if (initlen && init) memcpy(s, init, initlen); s[initlen] = '\0'; return s; }
最简洁的 Redis 源码剖析系列文章
Java 编程思想-最全思维导图-GitHub 下载链接,需要的小伙伴可以自取~
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