数据定义语言(Data-Definition Languagem DDL)
数据操纵语言(Data-Manipulation Languagem DML)
完整性(integrity)
视图定义(view definition)
事务控制(transaction control)
嵌入式SQL和动态SQL
授权
每个关系的模式
每个属性的取值类型
完整性约束
每个关系维护的索引集合
每个关系的安全性和权限信息
每个关系在磁盘上的物理存储结构
char::固定长度的字符串
varchar:可变长度的字符创
int: 整数类型
smallint: 小数类型
numeric(p, d):定点数。这个数有p位数字,其中d为数字在小数点右边
real,double precision:浮点数与双精度浮点数
float(n):精度至少为n为的浮点数
insert into instructor values(10211, 'Smith', 'Biology', 66000) delete from student; drop table r; delete from r; alter table r add A D alter table r drop A select dept_name from inistructor select distinct dept_name from instructor select all dept_name from instructor
union运算自动去除重复
(select course_id from section where semester = 'Fall' and year = 2009) union (select course_id from section where semester = 'Spring' and year = 2010);
如果我们想保留所有重复,就必须用union all 代替union
(select course_id from section where semester = 'Fall' and year = 2009) union all (select course_id from section where semester = 'Spring' and year = 2010);
(select course_id from section where semester = 'Fall' and year = 2009) intersect (select course_id from section where semester = 'Spring' and year = 2010);
(select course_id from section where semester = 'Fall' and year = 2009) except (select course_id from section where semester = 'Spring' and year = 2010);
ave
min
max
sum
count
找出在2009年秋季和2010年春季学期同事开课的所有课程
差找在2009年秋季开课的所有课程,看他们是否也在2010年春季开课的课程集合中的成员
(select course_id from section where semester = 'Spring' and year = 2010) select distinct course_id from section where semester = 'Fall' and year = 2009 and course_id in (select course_id from section where semester = 'Spring' and year = 2010)
select S, ID, S, name from student as S where not exists((select course_id where dept_name = 'Biology') except (select T.course_id from takes as T where S.ID = T.ID))
select T.course_id from course as T where unique(select R.course_id from section as R where T.course_id = R.course_id and R.year = 2009)
update instructor set salary = salary * 1.05