二项式定理:设 \(n\) 是正整数,对于一切 \(x\) 和 \(y\)
\[{(x + y)} ^ n = \sum \limits _ {k = 0} ^ n \dbinom {n} {k} x ^ k y ^{n - k} \]常用形式
\[{(x + 1)} ^ n = \sum \limits _ {k = 0} ^ n \dbinom {n} {k} x ^ k \]等价形式
\[\begin{aligned} {(x + y)} ^ n & = \sum \limits _ {k = 0} ^ n \dbinom {n} {k} x ^ k y ^{n - k} \\ & = \sum \limits _ {k = 0} ^ n \dbinom {n} {n - k} x ^ k y ^{n - k} \\ & = \sum \limits _ {k = 0} ^ n \dbinom {n} {n - k} x ^ {n - k} y ^k \\ & = \sum \limits _ {k = 0} ^ n \dbinom {n} {k} x ^ {n - k} y ^k \\ \end{aligned} \]对于每一项 \(x ^ k y ^ {n - k}\),其含义就是在 \(n\) 个 \((x + y)\) 中选择 \(k\) 个 \(x\)、\(n - k\) 个 \(y\),故有 \(\dbinom {n} {k}\) 中选法,即有 \(\dbinom {n} {k}\) 个 \(x ^ k y ^ {n - k}\)
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当 \(n = 1\) 时,公式显然成立
假设公式对于正整数 \(n\) 成立,即证明公式对于 \(n + 1\) 也成立
即证
由 \(\mathrm{Pascal}\) 公式 \(\dbinom {n + 1} {k} = \dbinom {n} {k - 1} + \dbinom {n} {k}\)(后面会证明),就可以把 \(k\) 相等的项合并了
\[\begin{aligned} {(x + y)} ^ {n + 1} & = \dbinom {n + 1} {0} x ^ {n + 1} + \sum \limits _ {k = 1} ^ {n} \dbinom {n} {k - 1} x ^ k y ^{n + 1 - k} + \sum \limits _ {k = 1} ^ n \dbinom {n} {k} x ^ k y ^{n + 1 - k} + \dbinom {n + 1} {n + 1} y ^ {n + 1} \\ & = \dbinom {n + 1} {0} x ^ {n + 1} y ^ 0 + \sum \limits _ {k = 1} ^ {n} \dbinom {n + 1} {k} x ^ k y ^{n + 1 - k} + \dbinom {n + 1} {n + 1} x ^ 0 y ^ {n + 1} \\ & = \sum \limits _ {k = 0} ^ {n + 1} \dbinom {n + 1} {k} x ^ k y ^{n + 1 - k} \\ \end{aligned} \]证毕
\(n\) 个小球选择 \(k\) 个留下,等价于选择 \(n - k\) 个不留下
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\(n\) 个小球中选择 \(k\) 个,等价于 ( 不选最后一个,前 \(n - 1\) 个中选择 \(k\) 个 ) 和 ( 选最后一个,前 \(n - 1\) 个中选择 \(k - 1\) 个 ) 的并集
由二项式定理得 \({(x + y)} ^ n = \sum \limits _ {k = 0} ^ n \dbinom {n} {k} x ^ k y ^{n - k}\),令 \(x = y = 1\),则等式变为
\[\begin{aligned} {(1 + 1)} ^ n & = \sum \limits _ {k = 0} ^ n \dbinom {n} {k} \times 1 ^ k \times 1 ^{n - k} \\ 2 ^ n & = \sum \limits _ {k = 0} ^ n \dbinom {n} {k} \\ \sum \limits _ {k = 0} ^ n \dbinom {n} {k} & = 2 ^ n \\ \end{aligned} \]证毕
由二项式定理得 \({(x + y)} ^ n = \sum \limits _ {k = 0} ^ n \dbinom {n} {k} x ^ k y ^{n - k}\),令 \(x = -1\)、\(y = 1\),则等式变为
\[\begin{aligned} {[(-1) + 1]} ^ n & = \sum \limits _ {k = 0} ^ n \dbinom {n} {k} \times {(-1)} ^ k \times 1 ^{n - k} \\ 0 ^ n & = \sum \limits _ {k = 0} ^ n {(-1)} ^ k \dbinom {n} {k} \\ \sum \limits _ {k = 0} ^ n {(-1)} ^ k \dbinom {n} {k} & = 0 \\ \end{aligned} \]证毕
显然,三种含义等价
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由 公式 2 \(\dbinom {n} {k} = \dfrac {n} {k} \dbinom {n - 1} {k - 1}\) 得:
\[\begin {aligned} \sum \limits _ {k = 0} ^ {n} k \dbinom {n} {k} & = 0 \dbinom {n} {k} + \sum \limits _ {k = 1} ^ {n} k \times \dbinom {n} {k} \\ & = 0 + \sum \limits _ {k = 1} ^ {n} k \times \dfrac {n} {k} \dbinom {n - 1} {k - 1} \\ & = \sum \limits _ {k = 1} ^ {n} n \dbinom {n - 1} {k - 1} \\ & = n \sum \limits _ {k = 1} ^ {n} \dbinom {n - 1} {k - 1} \\ & = n \sum \limits _ {k = 0} ^ {n - 1} \dbinom {n - 1} {k} \\ \end{aligned} \]由 公式 4 \(\sum \limits _ {k = 0} ^ {n} \dbinom {n} {k} = 2 ^ n\) 得 \(\sum \limits _ {k = 0} ^ {n - 1} \dbinom {n - 1} {k} = 2 ^ {n - 1}\),故
\[\begin {aligned} \sum \limits _ {k = 0} ^ {n} k \dbinom {n} {k} & = n \sum \limits _ {k = 0} ^ {n - 1} \dbinom {n - 1} {k} \\ & = n 2 ^ {n - 1} \\ \end{aligned} \]证毕
右式含义中的两种情况的并集等于左式含义中的情况,故两种含义等价
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由 公式 2 \(\dbinom {n} {k} = \dfrac {n} {k} \dbinom {n - 1} {k - 1}\) 得:
\[\begin {aligned} \sum \limits _ {k = 0} ^ {n} k ^ 2 \dbinom {n} {k} & = 0 + \sum \limits _ {k = 1} ^ {n} k ^ 2 \times \dfrac {n} {k} \dbinom {n - 1} {k - 1} \\ & = \sum \limits _ {k = 1} ^ {n} k ^ 2 \times \dfrac {n} {k} \dbinom {n - 1} {k - 1} \\ & = \sum \limits _ {k = 1} ^ {n} k \times n \dbinom {n - 1} {k - 1} \\ & = n \sum \limits _ {k = 1} ^ {n} k \dbinom {n - 1} {k - 1} \\ & = n \sum \limits _ {k = 0} ^ {n - 1} (k + 1) \dbinom {n - 1} {k} \\ & = n \sum \limits _ {k = 0} ^ {n - 1} k \dbinom {n - 1} {k} + n \sum \limits _ {k = 0} ^ {n - 1} \dbinom {n - 1} {k} \\ \end{aligned} \]由 公式 6 \(\sum \limits _ {k = 0} ^ {n} k \dbinom {n} {k} = n 2 ^ {n - 1}\) 得:\(\sum \limits _ {k = 0} ^ {n - 1} k \dbinom {n - 1} {k} = (n - 1) 2 ^ {n - 2}\)
由 公式 4 \(\sum \limits _ {k = 0} ^ {n} \dbinom {n} {k} = 2 ^ n\) 得:\(\sum \limits _ {k = 0} ^ {n - 1} \dbinom {n - 1} {k} = 2 ^ {n - 1}\)
故原式可化为:
\[\begin {aligned} \sum \limits _ {k = 0} ^ {n} k ^ 2 \dbinom {n} {k} & = n \sum \limits _ {k = 0} ^ {n - 1} k \dbinom {n - 1} {k} + n \sum \limits _ {k = 0} ^ {n - 1} \dbinom {n - 1} {k} \\ & = n (n - 1) 2 ^ {n - 2} + n 2 ^ {n - 1} \\ & = n (n - 1) 2 ^ {n - 2} + n \times 2 \times 2 ^ {n - 2} \\ & = n (n + 1) 2 ^ {n - 2} \\ \end{aligned} \]证毕
在 \(n + 1\) 个小球中选择 \(k + 1\) 个
对于所有选法中,考虑选择的最后一个小球的位置为 \(l + 1(0 \leq l \leq n)\) 时对答案的贡献,就是在前 \(l\) 个小球中选择 \(k\) 的方案数
因此,对于所有的 \(l\) 属于的集合的并集,就等于在 \(n + 1\) 个小球中选择 \(k + 1\) 个的集合
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把 \(n\) 个球分成 \(3\) 堆,使得第 \(1\) 堆有 \(k\) 个球、第 \(2\) 堆有 \(r - k\) 个球、第 \(3\) 堆有 \(n - r\) 个球 的方案数
显然,两种含义不会重复,并且两种含义等价
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显然,两种含义等价
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由 公式 10 \(\sum \limits _ {k = 0} ^ {r} \dbinom {m} {k} \dbinom {n} {r - k} = \dbinom {m + n} {r}\) 得 \(\sum \limits _ {k = 0} ^ {r} \dbinom {m} {r - k} \dbinom {n} {k} = \dbinom {n + m} {r}\),令 \(r = m\) 得:\(\sum \limits _ {k = 0} ^ {m} \dbinom {m} {m - k} \dbinom {n} {k} = \dbinom {m + n} {m}\),故
\[\begin{aligned} \sum \limits _ {k = 0} ^ {m} \dbinom {m} {k} \dbinom {n} {k} & = \sum \limits _ {k = 0} ^ {m} \dbinom {m} {m - k} \dbinom {n} {k} \\ & = \dbinom {m + n} {m} \\ \end{aligned} \]证毕
\({(3x - 2y)} ^ {18}\) 的展开式中,\(x ^ 5 y ^ {13}\) 的系数是多少?\(x ^ 8 y ^ 9\) 的系数是多少?
解:
\(x ^ 5 y ^ {13}\) 的系数为 \(\dbinom {18} {5} (3 ^ 5 + 2 ^ {13})\),\(x ^ 8 y ^ 9\) 的系数为 \(0\)
证:
由 二项式定理常用形式 得:\({(x + 1)} ^ n = \sum \limits _ {k = 0} ^ n \dbinom {n} {k} x ^ k\)
令 \(x = 2\),则等式变为 \({(2 + 1)} ^ n = \sum \limits _ {k = 0} ^ n \dbinom {n} {k} 2 ^ k\),即 \(3 ^ n = \sum \limits _ {k = 0} ^ n \dbinom {n} {k} 2 ^ k\)
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解:
由 二项式定理常用形式 得:$ \sum \limits _ {k = 0} ^ n \dbinom {n} {k} r ^ k = {(r + 1)} ^ n$
用 二项式定理 证明:\(2 ^ n = \sum \limits _ {k = 0} ^ {n} {(- 1)} ^ k \dbinom {n} {k} 3 ^ {n - k}\)
证:
由 二项式定理 得:\({(x + y)} ^ n = \sum \limits _ {k = 0} ^ n \dbinom {n} {k} x ^ k y ^{n - k}\)
令 \(x = -1, y = 3\),则等式变为 \({[(-1) + 3]} ^ n = \sum \limits _ {k = 0} ^ n \dbinom {n} {k} {(-1)} ^ k 3 ^{n - k}\)
即 \(2 ^ n = \sum \limits _ {k = 0} ^ {n} {(- 1)} ^ k \dbinom {n} {k} 3 ^ {n - k}\)
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求 $ \sum \limits _ {k = 1} ^ n {(-1)} ^ k \dbinom {n} {k} {10} ^ k$
解:
$ \sum \limits _ {k = 0} ^ n {(-1)} ^ k \dbinom {n} {k} {10} ^ k = \sum \limits _ {k = 0} ^ n \dbinom {n} {k} {(-10)} ^ k$
由 二项式定理常用形式 得:\({(x + 1)} ^ n = \sum \limits _ {k = 0} ^ n \dbinom {n} {k} x ^ k\)
令 \(x = -10\),则等式变为 \({[(-10) + 1]} ^ n = \sum \limits _ {k = 0} ^ n \dbinom {n} {k} {(-10)} ^ k\)
故 $ \sum \limits _ {k = 0} ^ n \dbinom {n} {k} {(-10)} ^ k = {(-9)} ^ n$
用组合意义证明 \(\dbinom {n} {k} - \dbinom {n - 3} {k} = \dbinom {n - 1} {k - 1} + \dbinom {n - 2} {k - 1} + \dbinom {n - 3} {k - 1}\)
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选择 \(n\) 个小球中的 \(k\) 个
显然,这两个含义是等价的
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设 \(n\) 是正整数,请证明:
\[ \sum \limits _ {k = 0} ^ n {(-1)} ^ k {\dbinom {n} {k}} ^ 2 = \begin{cases} 0, n = 2m + 1, m \in N_+ \\ {(-1)} ^ m \dbinom {2m} {m}, n = 2m, m \in N_+ \\ \end{cases} \]证:
如果 \(n\) 是奇数,则 \(k\) 和 \(n - k\) 是不同奇偶的
\(\therefore\) \({(-1)} ^ k\) 和 \({(-1)} ^ {n - k}\) 是一正一负的
如果 \(n\) 是偶数,则 \(k\) 和 \(n - k\) 是同奇偶的
\(\therefore\) \({(-1)} ^ k = {(-1)} ^ {n - k}\)
由 二项式定理 得:
\[\begin{aligned} {(x + 1)} ^ n & = \sum \limits _ {k = 0} ^ {n} \dbinom {n} {k} x ^ k \\ {(x - 1)} ^ n & = \sum \limits _ {k = 0} ^ {n} {(-1)} ^ {n - k} \dbinom {n} {k} x ^ k \\ & =\sum \limits _ {k = 0} ^ {n} {(-1)} ^ k \dbinom {n} {k} x ^ k \\ {(x ^ 2 - 1)} ^ n & = \sum \limits _ {k = 0} ^ {n} {(-1)} ^ {n - k} \dbinom {n} {k} {(x ^ 2)} ^ k \\ & = \sum \limits _ {k = 0} ^ {n} {(-1)} ^ k \dbinom {n} {k} {(x ^ 2)} ^ k \\ & = \sum \limits _ {k = 0} ^ {n} {(-1)} ^ k \dbinom {n} {k} x ^ {2k} \\ \end{aligned} \]故可列等式 \({(x + 1)} ^ n {(x - 1)} ^ n = {(x ^ 2 - 1) ^ n}\)
\[\begin{aligned} {(x + 1)} ^ n {(x - 1)} ^ n & = {(x ^ 2 - 1) ^ n} \\ \sum \limits _ {k = 0} ^ {n} \dbinom {n} {k} x ^ k \times \sum \limits _ {k = 0} ^ {n} {(-1)} ^ k \dbinom {n} {k} x ^ k & = \sum \limits _ {k = 0} ^ {n} {(-1)} ^ k \dbinom {n} {k} x ^ {2k} \\ \end{aligned} \]\(\because\) 左右两边多项式相等
\(\therefore \forall i\),\(x ^ i\) 的系数相等
令 \(i = n = 2m\),即考虑 \(x ^ n\) 的系数
同时约去 \(x ^ n\),得
\[\begin{aligned} \sum \limits _ {k = 0} ^ {n} {(-1)} ^ k {\dbinom {n} {k}} ^ 2 & = {(-1)} ^ m \dbinom {2m} {m} \\ \end{aligned} \]证毕
化简 \(\dbinom {n} {k} + 3 \dbinom {n} {k - 1} + 3 \dbinom {n} {k - 2} + \dbinom {n} {k - 3}\)
证:
$\dbinom {n} {k} + 3 \dbinom {n} {k - 1} + 3 \dbinom {n} {k - 2} + \dbinom {n} {k - 3} = \dbinom {3} {0} \dbinom {n} {k} + \dbinom {3} {1} \dbinom {n} {k - 1} + \dbinom {3} {2} \dbinom {n} {k - 2} + \dbinom {3} {3} \dbinom {n} {k - 3} = $
有 \(2\) 堆小球,第 \(1\) 堆有 \(3\) 个,第 \(2\) 堆有 \(n\) 个
在 \(n + 3\) 个小球中选择 \(k\) 个,等价于 ( 在第 \(1\) 堆选择 \(0\) 个,第 \(2\) 堆选择 \(k\) 个 ) + ( 在第 \(1\) 堆选择 \(1\) 个,第 \(2\) 堆选择 \(k - 1\) 个 ) + ( 在第 \(1\) 堆选择 \(2\) 个,第 \(2\) 堆选择 \(k - 2\) 个 ) + ( 在第 \(1\) 堆选择 \(3\) 个,第 \(2\) 堆选择 \(k - 3\) 个)
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证明 \(\dbinom {r} {k} = \dfrac {r} {r - k} \dbinom {r - 1} {k}\),其中 \(r \in R\),\(k \in Z\),\(r \neq k\)
本题需要使用牛顿二项式,不符合本博客的讨论范围
求:\(1 - \dfrac {1} {2} \dbinom {n} {1} + \dfrac {1} {3} \dbinom {n} {2} - \dfrac {1} {4} \dbinom {n} {3} + \cdots + {(-1)} ^ n \dfrac {1} {n + 1} \dbinom {n} {n}\)
解:
\[\begin{aligned} 1 - \dfrac {1} {2} \dbinom {n} {1} + \dfrac {1} {3} \dbinom {n} {2} - \dfrac {1} {4} \dbinom {n} {3} + \cdots + {(-1)} ^ n \dfrac {1} {n + 1} \dbinom {n} {n} & = \sum \limits _ {k = 0} ^ n {(-1)} ^ k \times \dfrac {1} {k + 1} \dbinom {n} {k} \\ \end{aligned} \]由 公式 2 \(\dbinom {n + 1} {k + 1} = \dfrac {n + 1} {k + 1} \dbinom {n} {k}\) 得:\(\dbinom {n} {k} = \dfrac {k + 1} {n + 1} \dbinom {n + 1} {k + 1}\)
\[\begin{aligned} \sum \limits _ {k = 0} ^ n {(-1)} ^ k \times \dfrac {1} {k + 1} \dbinom {n} {k} & = \sum \limits _ {k = 0} ^ n {(-1)} ^ k \times \dfrac {1} {k + 1} \times \dfrac {k + 1} {n + 1} \dbinom {n + 1} {k + 1} \\ & = \sum \limits _ {k = 0} ^ n {(-1)} ^ k \times \dfrac {1} {n + 1} \dbinom {n + 1} {k + 1} \\ & = \dfrac { \sum \limits _ {k = 0} ^ n {(-1)} ^ k \times \dbinom {n + 1} {k + 1}} {n + 1} \\ & = -\dfrac { \sum \limits _ {k = 0} ^ n {(-1)} ^ {k + 1} \times \dbinom {n + 1} {k + 1}} {n + 1} \\ & = -\dfrac { \sum \limits _ {k = 1} ^ {n + 1} {(-1)} ^ k \times \dbinom {n + 1} {k}} {n + 1} \\ & = -\dfrac { \sum \limits _ {k = 0} ^ {n + 1} {(-1)} ^ k \times \dbinom {n + 1} {k} - {(-1)} ^ 0 \times \dbinom {n + 1} {0}} {n + 1} \\ & = -\dfrac { \sum \limits _ {k = 0} ^ {n + 1} {(-1)} ^ k \times \dbinom {n + 1} {k} - 1} {n + 1} \\ \end{aligned} \]由 公式 5 $ \sum \limits _ {k = 0} ^ n {(-1)}^k \dbinom {n} {k} = 0$ 得:$ \sum \limits _ {k = 0} ^ {n + 1} {(-1)}^k \dbinom {n + 1} {k} = 0$
\[\begin{aligned} -\dfrac { \sum \limits _ {k = 0} ^ {n + 1} {(-1)} ^ k \times \dbinom {n + 1} {k} - 1} {n + 1} & = - \dfrac {0 - 1} {n + 1} \\ & = - \dfrac {-1} {n + 1} \\ & = \dfrac {1} {n + 1} \\ \end{aligned} \]\(\therefore 1 - \dfrac {1} {2} \dbinom {n} {1} + \dfrac {1} {3} \dbinom {n} {2} - \dfrac {1} {4} \dbinom {n} {3} + \cdots + {(-1)} ^ n \dfrac {1} {n + 1} \dbinom {n} {n} = \dfrac {1} {n + 1}\)
求整数 \(a, b, c\),使得对于所有的 \(m\),满足:\(m ^ 3 = a \dbinom {m} {3} + b \dbinom {m} {2} + c \dbinom {m} {1}\)
解:
( 在 \(m\) 个不同的数中先后选择 \(3\) 个可以相同的数的方案数,组成一个有序数对 ),等价于 ( 选择不同的 \(3\) 个数组成 \(6\) 个有序数对 )、( 选择不同的 \(2\) 个数组成 \(6\) 个有序数对 )、( 选择 \(1\) 个数组成 \(1\) 个有序数对 ) 的方案数之和
\(\therefore m ^ 3 = 6 \times \dbinom {m} {3} + 6 \times \dbinom {m} {2} + 1 \times \dbinom {m} {1}\)
\(\therefore a = 6, b = 6, c = 1\)
设 \(n\) 是整数,请证明 \(\sum \limits _ {k = 1} ^ {n} \dbinom {n} {k} \dbinom {n} {k - 1} = \dfrac {1} {2} \dbinom {2n + 2} {n + 1} - \dbinom {2n} {n}\)
证:
\[\begin {aligned} \sum \limits _ {k = 1} ^ {n} \dbinom {n} {k} \dbinom {n} {k - 1} & = \sum \limits _ {k = 1} ^ {n} \dbinom {n} {n - k} \dbinom {n} {k - 1} \\ \dfrac {1} {2} \dbinom {2n + 2} {n + 1} - \dbinom {2n} {n} & = \dfrac {1} {2} \times \dfrac {2n + 2} {n + 1} \dbinom {2n + 1} {n} - \dbinom {2n} {n} \\ & = \dfrac {1} {2} \times 2 \dbinom {2n + 1} {n} - \dbinom {2n} {n} \\ & = \dbinom {2n + 1} {n} - \dbinom {2n} {n} \\ & = \dbinom {2n} {n - 1} \\ \end{aligned} \]即证 \(\sum \limits _ {k = 1} ^ {n} \dbinom {n} {n - k} \dbinom {n} {k - 1} = \dbinom {2n} {n - 1}\)
显然,左右两式等价
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设 \(n\) 是整数,请用组合意义证明 \(\sum \limits _ {k = 1} ^ {n} k {\dbinom {n} {k}} ^ 2 = n \dbinom {2n - 1} {n - 1}\)
证:
\[\begin {aligned} \sum \limits _ {k = 1} ^ {n} k {\dbinom {n} {k}} ^ 2 & = \sum \limits _ {k = 1} ^ {n} k \dbinom {n} {k} \dbinom {n} {n - k} \\ & = \sum \limits _ {k = 1} ^ {n} k \times \dfrac {n} {k} \dbinom {n - 1} {k - 1} \dbinom {n} {n - k} \\ & = \sum \limits _ {k = 1} ^ {n} n \dbinom {n - 1} {k - 1} \dbinom {n} {n - k} \\ & = n \sum \limits _ {k = 1} ^ {n} \dbinom {n - 1} {k - 1} \dbinom {n} {n - k} \\ & = n \sum \limits _ {k = 1} ^ {n} \dbinom {n} {n - k} \dbinom {n - 1} {k - 1} \\ \end{aligned} \]即证 \(n \sum \limits _ {k = 1} ^ {n} \dbinom {n} {n - k} \dbinom {n - 1} {k - 1} = n \dbinom {2n - 1} {n - 1}\)
即证 \(\sum \limits _ {k = 1} ^ {n} \dbinom {n} {n - k} \dbinom {n - 1} {k - 1} = \dbinom {2n - 1} {n - 1}\)
显然,左右两式等价
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