（一）熟悉常用的Linux操作

请按要求上机实践如下linux基本命令。

cd命令：切换目录

（1）切换到目录 /usr/local

 :~$ cd /usr/local

（2）去到目前的上层目录

:/usr/local$ cd ..

（3）回到自己的主文件夹

:/usr$ cd ~

ls命令：查看文件与目录

（4）查看目录/usr下所有的文件

:~$ ls /usr
bin  games  include  lib  local  locale  sbin  share  src

mkdir命令：新建新目录

（5）进入/tmp目录，创建一个名为a的目录,并查看有多少目录存在

:/$ cd /tmp

:/tmp$ mkdir a/

:/tmp$ ls
a

（6）创建目录a1/a2/a3/a4

:/tmp$ mkdir -p a1/a2/a3/a4

rmdir命令：删除空的目录

（7）将上例创建的目录a（/tmp下面）删除

:/tmp$ rmdir a/

（8）删除目录a1/a2/a3/a4，查看有多少目录存在

:/tmp$ rmdir -p a1/a2/a3/a4
:/tmp$ ls -l

总用量 12
srw------- 1 joneyzheng joneyzheng    0 9月  19 20:24 fcitx-socket-:0
-rw------- 1 joneyzheng joneyzheng    4 9月  19 20:25 indicator-china-weather-1000.pid
drwx------ 3 root       root       4096 9月  19 20:24 systemd-private-8542a57250884708820706eed97c6794-colord.service-53zsDO
drwx------ 3 root       root       4096 9月  19 20:24 systemd-private-8542a57250884708820706eed97c6794-rtkit-daemon.service-pM1Rp8
-rw-rw-r-- 1 joneyzheng joneyzheng    0 9月  19 20:24 unity_support_test.1

cp命令：复制文件或目录

（9）将主文件夹下的.bashrc复制到/usr下，命名为bashrc1

:~$ sudo cp .bashrc /usr/bashrc1

（10）在/tmp下新建目录test，再复制这个目录内容到/usr

:~$ cd /tmp

:/tmp$ mkdir test/

:/tmp$ sudo cp -r test/ /usr/test

mv命令：移动文件与目录，或更名

（11）将上例文件bashrc1移动到目录/usr/test

:/$ cd /usr

:/usr$ sudo mv bashrc1 test/

（12）将上例test目录重命名为test2

:/usr$ sudo mv test test2

rm命令：移除文件或目录

（13）将上例复制的bashrc1文件删除

:/usr$ cd test2

:/usr/test2$ sudo rm bashrc1

（14）将上例的test2目录删除

:/usr/test2$ cd ..

:/usr$ sudo rm -r test2

cat命令：查看文件内容

（15）查看主文件夹下的.bashrc文件内容

:~$ cat .bashrc

# ~/.bashrc: executed by bash(1) for non-login shells.
# see /usr/share/doc/bash/examples/startup-files (in the package bash-doc)
# for examples

# If not running interactively, don't do anything
case $- in
    *i*) ;;
      *) return;;
esac

# don't put duplicate lines or lines starting with space in the history.
# See bash(1) for more options
HISTCONTROL=ignoreboth

# append to the history file, don't overwrite it
shopt -s histappend

# for setting history length see HISTSIZE and HISTFILESIZE in bash(1)
HISTSIZE=1000
HISTFILESIZE=2000

# check the window size after each command and, if necessary,
# update the values of LINES and COLUMNS.
shopt -s checkwinsize

# If set, the pattern "**" used in a pathname expansion context will
# match all files and zero or more directories and subdirectories.
#shopt -s globstar

# make less more friendly for non-text input files, see lesspipe(1)
[ -x /usr/bin/lesspipe ] && eval "$(SHELL=/bin/sh lesspipe)"

# set variable identifying the chroot you work in (used in the prompt below)
if [ -z "${debian_chroot:-}" ] && [ -r /etc/debian_chroot ]; then
    debian_chroot=$(cat /etc/debian_chroot)
fi

# set a fancy prompt (non-color, unless we know we "want" color)
case "$TERM" in
    xterm-color|*-256color) color_prompt=yes;;
esac

# uncomment for a colored prompt, if the terminal has the capability; turned
# off by default to not distract the user: the focus in a terminal window
# should be on the output of commands, not on the prompt
#force_color_prompt=yes

if [ -n "$force_color_prompt" ]; then
    if [ -x /usr/bin/tput ] && tput setaf 1 >&/dev/null; then
    # We have color support; assume it's compliant with Ecma-48
    # (ISO/IEC-6429). (Lack of such support is extremely rare, and such
    # a case would tend to support setf rather than setaf.)
    color_prompt=yes
    else
    color_prompt=
    fi
fi

if [ "$color_prompt" = yes ]; then
    PS1='${debian_chroot:+($debian_chroot)}\[\033[01;32m\]\u@\h\[\033[00m\]:\[\033[01;34m\]\w\[\033[00m\]\$ '
else
    PS1='${debian_chroot:+($debian_chroot)}\u@\h:\w\$ '
fi
unset color_prompt force_color_prompt

# If this is an xterm set the title to user@host:dir
case "$TERM" in
xterm*|rxvt*)
    PS1="\[\e]0;${debian_chroot:+($debian_chroot)}\u@\h: \w\a\]$PS1"
    ;;
*)
    ;;
esac

# enable color support of ls and also add handy aliases
if [ -x /usr/bin/dircolors ]; then
    test -r ~/.dircolors && eval "$(dircolors -b ~/.dircolors)" || eval "$(dircolors -b)"
    alias ls='ls --color=auto'
    #alias dir='dir --color=auto'
    #alias vdir='vdir --color=auto'

    alias grep='grep --color=auto'
    alias fgrep='fgrep --color=auto'
    alias egrep='egrep --color=auto'
fi

# colored GCC warnings and errors
#export GCC_COLORS='error=01;31:warning=01;35:note=01;36:caret=01;32:locus=01:quote=01'

# some more ls aliases
alias ll='ls -alF'
alias la='ls -A'
alias l='ls -CF'

# Add an "alert" alias for long running commands.  Use like so:
#   sleep 10; alert
alias alert='notify-send --urgency=low -i "$([ $? = 0 ] && echo terminal || echo error)" "$(history|tail -n1|sed -e '\''s/^\s*[0-9]\+\s*//;s/[;&|]\s*alert$//'\'')"'

# Alias definitions.
# You may want to put all your additions into a separate file like
# ~/.bash_aliases, instead of adding them here directly.
# See /usr/share/doc/bash-doc/examples in the bash-doc package.

if [ -f ~/.bash_aliases ]; then
    . ~/.bash_aliases
fi

# enable programmable completion features (you don't need to enable
# this, if it's already enabled in /etc/bash.bashrc and /etc/profile
# sources /etc/bash.bashrc).
if ! shopt -oq posix; then
  if [ -f /usr/share/bash-completion/bash_completion ]; then
    . /usr/share/bash-completion/bash_completion
  elif [ -f /etc/bash_completion ]; then
    . /etc/bash_completion
  fi
fi

tac命令：反向列示

（16）反向查看主文件夹下.bashrc文件内容

:~$ tac .bashrc

fi
  fi
    . /etc/bash_completion
  elif [ -f /etc/bash_completion ]; then
    . /usr/share/bash-completion/bash_completion
  if [ -f /usr/share/bash-completion/bash_completion ]; then
if ! shopt -oq posix; then
# sources /etc/bash.bashrc).
# this, if it's already enabled in /etc/bash.bashrc and /etc/profile
# enable programmable completion features (you don't need to enable

fi
    . ~/.bash_aliases
if [ -f ~/.bash_aliases ]; then

# See /usr/share/doc/bash-doc/examples in the bash-doc package.
# ~/.bash_aliases, instead of adding them here directly.
# You may want to put all your additions into a separate file like
# Alias definitions.

alias alert='notify-send --urgency=low -i "$([ $? = 0 ] && echo terminal || echo error)" "$(history|tail -n1|sed -e '\''s/^\s*[0-9]\+\s*//;s/[;&|]\s*alert$//'\'')"'
#   sleep 10; alert
# Add an "alert" alias for long running commands.  Use like so:

alias l='ls -CF'
alias la='ls -A'
alias ll='ls -alF'
# some more ls aliases

#export GCC_COLORS='error=01;31:warning=01;35:note=01;36:caret=01;32:locus=01:quote=01'
# colored GCC warnings and errors

fi
    alias egrep='egrep --color=auto'
    alias fgrep='fgrep --color=auto'
    alias grep='grep --color=auto'

    #alias vdir='vdir --color=auto'
    #alias dir='dir --color=auto'
    alias ls='ls --color=auto'
    test -r ~/.dircolors && eval "$(dircolors -b ~/.dircolors)" || eval "$(dircolors -b)"
if [ -x /usr/bin/dircolors ]; then
# enable color support of ls and also add handy aliases

esac
    ;;
*)
    ;;
    PS1="\[\e]0;${debian_chroot:+($debian_chroot)}\u@\h: \w\a\]$PS1"
xterm*|rxvt*)
case "$TERM" in
# If this is an xterm set the title to user@host:dir

unset color_prompt force_color_prompt
fi
    PS1='${debian_chroot:+($debian_chroot)}\u@\h:\w\$ '
else
    PS1='${debian_chroot:+($debian_chroot)}\[\033[01;32m\]\u@\h\[\033[00m\]:\[\033[01;34m\]\w\[\033[00m\]\$ '
if [ "$color_prompt" = yes ]; then

fi
    fi
    color_prompt=
    else
    color_prompt=yes
    # a case would tend to support setf rather than setaf.)
    # (ISO/IEC-6429). (Lack of such support is extremely rare, and such
    # We have color support; assume it's compliant with Ecma-48
    if [ -x /usr/bin/tput ] && tput setaf 1 >&/dev/null; then
if [ -n "$force_color_prompt" ]; then

#force_color_prompt=yes
# should be on the output of commands, not on the prompt
# off by default to not distract the user: the focus in a terminal window
# uncomment for a colored prompt, if the terminal has the capability; turned

esac
    xterm-color|*-256color) color_prompt=yes;;
case "$TERM" in
# set a fancy prompt (non-color, unless we know we "want" color)

fi
    debian_chroot=$(cat /etc/debian_chroot)
if [ -z "${debian_chroot:-}" ] && [ -r /etc/debian_chroot ]; then
# set variable identifying the chroot you work in (used in the prompt below)

[ -x /usr/bin/lesspipe ] && eval "$(SHELL=/bin/sh lesspipe)"
# make less more friendly for non-text input files, see lesspipe(1)

#shopt -s globstar
# match all files and zero or more directories and subdirectories.
# If set, the pattern "**" used in a pathname expansion context will

shopt -s checkwinsize
# update the values of LINES and COLUMNS.
# check the window size after each command and, if necessary,

HISTFILESIZE=2000
HISTSIZE=1000
# for setting history length see HISTSIZE and HISTFILESIZE in bash(1)

shopt -s histappend
# append to the history file, don't overwrite it

HISTCONTROL=ignoreboth
# See bash(1) for more options
# don't put duplicate lines or lines starting with space in the history.

esac
      *) return;;
    *i*) ;;
case $- in
# If not running interactively, don't do anything

# for examples
# see /usr/share/doc/bash/examples/startup-files (in the package bash-doc)
# ~/.bashrc: executed by bash(1) for non-login shells.

more命令：一页一页翻动查看

（17）翻页查看主文件夹下.bashrc文件内容

:~$ more .bashrc

# ~/.bashrc: executed by bash(1) for non-login shells.
# see /usr/share/doc/bash/examples/startup-files (in the package bash-doc)
# for examples

# If not running interactively, don't do anything
case $- in
    *i*) ;;
      *) return;;
esac

# don't put duplicate lines or lines starting with space in the history.
# See bash(1) for more options
HISTCONTROL=ignoreboth

# append to the history file, don't overwrite it
shopt -s histappend

# for setting history length see HISTSIZE and HISTFILESIZE in bash(1)
HISTSIZE=1000
HISTFILESIZE=2000

# check the window size after each command and, if necessary,
# update the values of LINES and COLUMNS.
--更多--（17%）

head命令：取出前面几行

（18）查看主文件夹下.bashrc文件内容前20行

:~$ head -n 20 .bashrc
# ~/.bashrc: executed by bash(1) for non-login shells.
# see /usr/share/doc/bash/examples/startup-files (in the package bash-doc)
# for examples

# If not running interactively, don't do anything
case $- in
    *i*) ;;
      *) return;;
esac

# don't put duplicate lines or lines starting with space in the history.
# See bash(1) for more options
HISTCONTROL=ignoreboth

# append to the history file, don't overwrite it
shopt -s histappend

# for setting history length see HISTSIZE and HISTFILESIZE in bash(1)
HISTSIZE=1000
HISTFILESIZE=2000

（19）查看主文件夹下.bashrc文件内容，后面50行不显示，只显示前面几行

# 如果在number前面加加号，则不显示文件最前面相应的行数

:~$ head -n -50 .bashrc

# ~/.bashrc: executed by bash(1) for non-login shells.
# see /usr/share/doc/bash/examples/startup-files (in the package bash-doc)
# for examples

# If not running interactively, don't do anything
case $- in
    *i*) ;;
      *) return;;
esac

# don't put duplicate lines or lines starting with space in the history.
# See bash(1) for more options
HISTCONTROL=ignoreboth

# append to the history file, don't overwrite it
shopt -s histappend

# for setting history length see HISTSIZE and HISTFILESIZE in bash(1)
HISTSIZE=1000
HISTFILESIZE=2000

# check the window size after each command and, if necessary,
# update the values of LINES and COLUMNS.
shopt -s checkwinsize

# If set, the pattern "**" used in a pathname expansion context will
# match all files and zero or more directories and subdirectories.
#shopt -s globstar

# make less more friendly for non-text input files, see lesspipe(1)
[ -x /usr/bin/lesspipe ] && eval "$(SHELL=/bin/sh lesspipe)"

# set variable identifying the chroot you work in (used in the prompt below)
if [ -z "${debian_chroot:-}" ] && [ -r /etc/debian_chroot ]; then
    debian_chroot=$(cat /etc/debian_chroot)
fi

# set a fancy prompt (non-color, unless we know we "want" color)
case "$TERM" in
    xterm-color|*-256color) color_prompt=yes;;
esac

# uncomment for a colored prompt, if the terminal has the capability; turned
# off by default to not distract the user: the focus in a terminal window
# should be on the output of commands, not on the prompt
#force_color_prompt=yes

if [ -n "$force_color_prompt" ]; then
    if [ -x /usr/bin/tput ] && tput setaf 1 >&/dev/null; then
    # We have color support; assume it's compliant with Ecma-48
    # (ISO/IEC-6429). (Lack of such support is extremely rare, and such
    # a case would tend to support setf rather than setaf.)
    color_prompt=yes
    else
    color_prompt=
    fi
fi

if [ "$color_prompt" = yes ]; then
    PS1='${debian_chroot:+($debian_chroot)}\[\033[01;32m\]\u@\h\[\033[00m\]:\[\033[01;34m\]\w\[\033[00m\]\$ '
else
    PS1='${debian_chroot:+($debian_chroot)}\u@\h:\w\$ '
fi
unset color_prompt force_color_prompt

# If this is an xterm set the title to user@host:dir
case "$TERM" in

tail命令：取出后面几行

（20）查看主文件夹下.bashrc文件内容最后20行

:~$ tail -n 20 .bashrc

# Alias definitions.
# You may want to put all your additions into a separate file like
# ~/.bash_aliases, instead of adding them here directly.
# See /usr/share/doc/bash-doc/examples in the bash-doc package.

if [ -f ~/.bash_aliases ]; then
    . ~/.bash_aliases
fi

# enable programmable completion features (you don't need to enable
# this, if it's already enabled in /etc/bash.bashrc and /etc/profile
# sources /etc/bash.bashrc).
if ! shopt -oq posix; then
  if [ -f /usr/share/bash-completion/bash_completion ]; then
    . /usr/share/bash-completion/bash_completion
  elif [ -f /etc/bash_completion ]; then
    . /etc/bash_completion
  fi
fi

（21）查看主文件夹下.bashrc文件内容，只列出50行以后的数据

# 如果在number前面加加号，则不显示文件最前面相应的行数

:~$ tail -n +50 .bashrc

    # We have color support; assume it's compliant with Ecma-48
    # (ISO/IEC-6429). (Lack of such support is extremely rare, and such
    # a case would tend to support setf rather than setaf.)
    color_prompt=yes
    else
    color_prompt=
    fi
fi

if [ "$color_prompt" = yes ]; then
    PS1='${debian_chroot:+($debian_chroot)}\[\033[01;32m\]\u@\h\[\033[00m\]:\[\033[01;34m\]\w\[\033[00m\]\$ '
else
    PS1='${debian_chroot:+($debian_chroot)}\u@\h:\w\$ '
fi
unset color_prompt force_color_prompt

# If this is an xterm set the title to user@host:dir
case "$TERM" in
xterm*|rxvt*)
    PS1="\[\e]0;${debian_chroot:+($debian_chroot)}\u@\h: \w\a\]$PS1"
    ;;
*)
    ;;
esac

# enable color support of ls and also add handy aliases
if [ -x /usr/bin/dircolors ]; then
    test -r ~/.dircolors && eval "$(dircolors -b ~/.dircolors)" || eval "$(dircolors -b)"
    alias ls='ls --color=auto'
    #alias dir='dir --color=auto'
    #alias vdir='vdir --color=auto'

    alias grep='grep --color=auto'
    alias fgrep='fgrep --color=auto'
    alias egrep='egrep --color=auto'
fi

# colored GCC warnings and errors
#export GCC_COLORS='error=01;31:warning=01;35:note=01;36:caret=01;32:locus=01:quote=01'

# some more ls aliases
alias ll='ls -alF'
alias la='ls -A'
alias l='ls -CF'

# Add an "alert" alias for long running commands.  Use like so:
#   sleep 10; alert
alias alert='notify-send --urgency=low -i "$([ $? = 0 ] && echo terminal || echo error)" "$(history|tail -n1|sed -e '\''s/^\s*[0-9]\+\s*//;s/[;&|]\s*alert$//'\'')"'

# Alias definitions.
# You may want to put all your additions into a separate file like
# ~/.bash_aliases, instead of adding them here directly.
# See /usr/share/doc/bash-doc/examples in the bash-doc package.

if [ -f ~/.bash_aliases ]; then
    . ~/.bash_aliases
fi

# enable programmable completion features (you don't need to enable
# this, if it's already enabled in /etc/bash.bashrc and /etc/profile
# sources /etc/bash.bashrc).
if ! shopt -oq posix; then
  if [ -f /usr/share/bash-completion/bash_completion ]; then
    . /usr/share/bash-completion/bash_completion
  elif [ -f /etc/bash_completion ]; then
    . /etc/bash_completion
  fi
fi

chown命令：修改文件所有者权限

（22）将hello文件所有者改为root帐号，并查看属性

:~$ sudo chown root hello

:~$ ls -l
总用量 32
-rw-rw-r-- 1 root       joneyzheng    0 9月  20 02:51 hello
drwxr-xr-x 2 joneyzheng joneyzheng 4096 9月  19 19:45 公共的
drwxr-xr-x 2 joneyzheng joneyzheng 4096 9月  19 19:45 模板
drwxr-xr-x 2 joneyzheng joneyzheng 4096 9月  19 19:45 视频
drwxr-xr-x 2 joneyzheng joneyzheng 4096 9月  19 19:45 图片
drwxr-xr-x 2 joneyzheng joneyzheng 4096 9月  19 19:45 文档
drwxr-xr-x 2 joneyzheng joneyzheng 4096 9月  19 19:45 下载
drwxr-xr-x 2 joneyzheng joneyzheng 4096 9月  19 19:45 音乐
drwxr-xr-x 2 joneyzheng joneyzheng 4096 9月  19 19:45 桌面

Vim/gedit/文本编辑器：新建文件

（23）在主文件夹下创建文本文件my.txt，输入文本保存退出。

tar命令：压缩命令

（24）将my.txt打包成test.tar.gz

:~$ tar -czvf test.tar.gz my.txt

（25）解压缩到~/tmp目录

:~$ tar zxvf test.tar.gz -C /tmp