An assignment to self occurs when an object is assigned to itself:

class Widget { ... };
Widget w;
//...
w = w; // assignment to self

If you try to manage resources yourself, however (which you’d certainly have to do if you were writing a resourcemanaging class), you can fall into the trap of accidentally releasing a resource before you’re done using it.

class Bitmap { //... };
class Widget {
    //...
private:
    Bitmap *pb; // ptr to a heap-allocated object
};


Widget& Widget::operator=(const Widget& rhs) // unsafe impl. of operator=
{
    delete pb; // stop using current bitmap
    pb = new Bitmap(*rhs.pb); // start using a copy of rhs’s bitmap
    return *this; // see Item 10
}

The self-assignment problem here is that inside operator=, *this (the target of the assignment) and rhs could be the same object. When they are, the delete not only destroys the bitmap for the current object, it destroys the bitmap for rhs, too. At the end of the function, the Widget — which should not have been changed by the assignment to self — finds itself holding a pointer to a deleted object!

The traditional way to prevent this error is to check for assignment to self via an identity test at the top of operator=:

Widget& Widget::operator=(const Widget& rhs)
{
    if (this == &rhs) return *this; // identity test: if a self-assignment,
    // do nothing
    delete pb;
    pb = new Bitmap(*rhs.pb);
    return *this;
}

This works, but it was also exception-unsafe, and this version continues to have exception trouble.

Happily, making operator= exception-safe typically renders it selfassignment-safe, too. 

For example, we just have to be careful not to delete pb until after we’ve copied what it points to:

Widget& Widget::operator=(const Widget& rhs)
{
    Bitmap *pOrig = pb; // remember original pb
    pb = new Bitmap(*rhs.pb); // point pb to a copy of rhs’s bitmap
    delete pOrig; // delete the original pb
    return *this;
}

If we take advantage of the facts:

• a class’s copy assignment operator may be declared to take its argument by value.
• passing something by value makes a copy of it.

class Widget {
    //...
    void swap(Widget& rhs); // exchange *this’s and rhs’s data; ... // see Item 29 for details
};

Widget& Widget::operator=(Widget rhs) // rhs is a copy of the object passed in — note pass by val
{ 
    swap(rhs); // swap *this’s data with the copy’s
    return *this;
}

This approach sacrifices clarity at the altar of cleverness, but by moving the copying operation from the body of the function to construction of the parameter, it’s a fact that compilers can sometimes generate more efficient code.

Things to Remember

• Make sure operator= is well-behaved when an object is assigned to itself. Techniques include comparing addresses of source and target objects, careful statement ordering, and copy-and-swap.
• Make sure that any function operating on more than one object behaves correctly if two or more of the objects are the same.