DataBase(数据库,数据库实际上在硬盘上以文件的形式存在)
DataBase Management System(数据库管理系统,常见的有:MySQL Oracle DB2 Sybase SqlServer…)
DBMS负责执行sql语句,通过执行sql语句来操作DB当中的数据。
DBMS -(执行)-> SQL -(操作)-> DB
表:table
表:table是数据库的基本组成单元,所有的数据都以表格的形式组织,目的是可读性强。
一个表包括行和列:
行:被称为数据/记录(data)
列:被称为字段(column)
学号(int) 姓名(varchar) 年龄(int) ------------------------------- 110 张三 20 120 李四 21
每一个字段应该包括哪些属性?
字段名、数据类型、相关的约束。
第一步:登录mysql数据库管理系统
dos命令窗口: mysql -uroot -p333
第二步:查看有哪些数据库
show databases; (这个不是SQL语句,属于MySQL的命令。) +--------------------+ | Database | +--------------------+ | information_schema | | mysql | | performance_schema | | test | +--------------------+
第三步:创建属于我们自己的数据库
create database bjpowernode; (这个不是SQL语句,属于MySQL的命令。)
第四步:使用bjpowernode数据
use bjpowernode; (这个不是SQL语句,属于MySQL的命令。
第五步:查看当前使用的数据库中有哪些表?
show tables; (这个不是SQL语句,属于MySQL的命令。)
第六步:初始化数据
mysql> source D:\course\05-MySQL\resources\bjpowernode.sql
注意:数据初始化完成之后,有三张表:
+-----------------------+ | Tables_in_bjpowernode | +-----------------------+ | dept | | emp | | salgrade | +-----------------------+
当一个文件的扩展名是.sql,并且该文件中编写了大量的sql语句,我们称这样的文件为sql脚本。
bjpowernode.sql,这个文件以sql结尾,这样的文件被称为“sql脚本”。
注意:直接使用source命令可以执行sql脚本。
ql脚本中的数据量太大的时候,无法打开,请使用source命令完成初始化。
+-----------------------+ | Tables_in_bjpowernode | +-----------------------+ | dept | (部门表) | emp | (员工表) | salgrade | (工资等级表) +-----------------------+ mysql> desc dept; +--------+-------------+------+-----+---------+-------+ | Field | Type | Null | Key | Default | Extra | +--------+-------------+------+-----+---------+-------+ | DEPTNO | int(2) | NO | PRI | NULL | | 部门编号 | DNAME | varchar(14) | YES | | NULL | | 部门名称 | LOC | varchar(13) | YES | | NULL | | 部门位置 +--------+-------------+------+-----+---------+-------+ mysql> desc emp; +----------+-------------+------+-----+---------+-------+ | Field | Type | Null | Key | Default | Extra | +----------+-------------+------+-----+---------+-------+ | EMPNO | int(4) | NO | PRI | NULL | | 员工编号 | ENAME | varchar(10) | YES | | NULL | | 员工姓名 | JOB | varchar(9) | YES | | NULL | | 工作岗位 | MGR | int(4) | YES | | NULL | | 上级领导编号 | HIREDATE | date | YES | | NULL | | 入职日期 | SAL | double(7,2) | YES | | NULL | | 月薪 | COMM | double(7,2) | YES | | NULL | | 补助/津贴 | DEPTNO | int(2) | YES | | NULL | | 部门编号 +----------+-------------+------+-----+---------+-------+ mysql> desc salgrade; +-------+---------+------+-----+---------+-------+ | Field | Type | Null | Key | Default | Extra | +-------+---------+------+-----+---------+-------+ | GRADE | int(11) | YES | | NULL | | 等级 | LOSAL | int(11) | YES | | NULL | | 最低薪资 | HISAL | int(11) | YES | | NULL | | 最高薪资 +-------+---------+------+-----+---------+-------+
mysql> select * from emp; +-------+--------+-----------+------+------------+---------+---------+--------+ | EMPNO | ENAME | JOB | MGR | HIREDATE | SAL | COMM | DEPTNO | +-------+--------+-----------+------+------------+---------+---------+--------+ | 7369 | SMITH | CLERK | 7902 | 1980-12-17 | 800.00 | NULL | 20 | | 7499 | ALLEN | SALESMAN | 7698 | 1981-02-20 | 1600.00 | 300.00 | 30 | | 7521 | WARD | SALESMAN | 7698 | 1981-02-22 | 1250.00 | 500.00 | 30 | | 7566 | JONES | MANAGER | 7839 | 1981-04-02 | 2975.00 | NULL | 20 | | 7654 | MARTIN | SALESMAN | 7698 | 1981-09-28 | 1250.00 | 1400.00 | 30 | | 7698 | BLAKE | MANAGER | 7839 | 1981-05-01 | 2850.00 | NULL | 30 | | 7782 | CLARK | MANAGER | 7839 | 1981-06-09 | 2450.00 | NULL | 10 | | 7788 | SCOTT | ANALYST | 7566 | 1987-04-19 | 3000.00 | NULL | 20 | | 7839 | KING | PRESIDENT | NULL | 1981-11-17 | 5000.00 | NULL | 10 | | 7844 | TURNER | SALESMAN | 7698 | 1981-09-08 | 1500.00 | 0.00 | 30 | | 7876 | ADAMS | CLERK | 7788 | 1987-05-23 | 1100.00 | NULL | 20 | | 7900 | JAMES | CLERK | 7698 | 1981-12-03 | 950.00 | NULL | 30 | | 7902 | FORD | ANALYST | 7566 | 1981-12-03 | 3000.00 | NULL | 20 | | 7934 | MILLER | CLERK | 7782 | 1982-01-23 | 1300.00 | NULL | 10 | +-------+--------+-----------+------+------------+---------+---------+--------+ mysql> select * from dept; +--------+------------+----------+ | DEPTNO | DNAME | LOC | +--------+------------+----------+ | 10 | ACCOUNTING | NEW YORK | | 20 | RESEARCH | DALLAS | | 30 | SALES | CHICAGO | | 40 | OPERATIONS | BOSTON | +--------+------------+----------+ mysql> select * from salgrade; +-------+-------+-------+ | GRADE | LOSAL | HISAL | +-------+-------+-------+ | 1 | 700 | 1200 | | 2 | 1201 | 1400 | | 3 | 1401 | 2000 | | 4 | 2001 | 3000 | | 5 | 3001 | 9999 | +-------+-------+-------+
mysql> select database(); 查看当前使用的是哪个数据库 +-------------+ | database() | +-------------+ | bjpowernode | +-------------+ mysql> select version(); 查看mysql的版本号。 +-----------+ | version() | +-----------+ | 5.5.36 | +-----------+
show create table emp;
select 字段名1,字段名2,字段名3,.... from 表名;
select ename,sal * 12 from emp; +--------+----------+ | ename | sal * 12 | +--------+----------+ | SMITH | 9600.00 | | ALLEN | 19200.00 | | WARD | 15000.00 | | JONES | 35700.00 | | MARTIN | 15000.00 | | BLAKE | 34200.00 | | CLARK | 29400.00 | | SCOTT | 36000.00 | | KING | 60000.00 | | TURNER | 18000.00 | | ADAMS | 13200.00 | | JAMES | 11400.00 | | FORD | 36000.00 | | MILLER | 15600.00 | +--------+----------+
select ename,sal * 12 as yearsal from emp;
select ename,sal * 12 as 年薪 from emp; // 错误 select ename,sal * 12 as '年薪' from emp; +--------+----------+ | ename | 年薪 | +--------+----------+ | SMITH | 9600.00 | | ALLEN | 19200.00 | | WARD | 15000.00 | | JONES | 35700.00 | | MARTIN | 15000.00 | | BLAKE | 34200.00 | | CLARK | 29400.00 | | SCOTT | 36000.00 | | KING | 60000.00 | | TURNER | 18000.00 | | ADAMS | 13200.00 | | JAMES | 11400.00 | | FORD | 36000.00 | | MILLER | 15600.00 | +--------+----------+
mysql> select empno,ename,sal * 12 yearsal from emp; +-------+--------+----------+ | empno | ename | yearsal | +-------+--------+----------+ | 7369 | SMITH | 9600.00 | | 7499 | ALLEN | 19200.00 | | 7521 | WARD | 15000.00 | | 7566 | JONES | 35700.00 | | 7654 | MARTIN | 15000.00 | | 7698 | BLAKE | 34200.00 | | 7782 | CLARK | 29400.00 | | 7788 | SCOTT | 36000.00 | | 7839 | KING | 60000.00 | | 7844 | TURNER | 18000.00 | | 7876 | ADAMS | 13200.00 | | 7900 | JAMES | 11400.00 | | 7902 | FORD | 36000.00 | | 7934 | MILLER | 15600.00 | +-------+--------+----------+
select * from emp; // 实际开发中不建议使用*,效率较低。
select 字段,字段... from 表名 where 条件;
select ename from emp where sal = 5000; +-------+ | ename | +-------+ | KING | +-------+
select sal from emp where ename = 'SMITH'; // 字符串使用单引号括起来。 +--------+ | sal | +--------+ | 800.00 | +--------+
select ename,sal from emp where sal > 3000; select ename,sal from emp where sal >= 3000; select ename,sal from emp where sal < 3000; select ename,sal from emp where sal <= 3000;
select ename,sal from emp where sal <> 3000; select ename,sal from emp where sal != 3000;
select ename,sal from emp where sal >= 1100 and sal <= 3000; select ename,sal from emp where sal between 1100 and 3000; // between...and...是闭区间 [1100 ~ 3000] select ename,sal from emp where sal between 3000 and 1100; // 查询不到任何数据 between and在使用的时候必须左小右大。 between and除了可以使用在数字方面之外,还可以使用在字符串方面。 select ename from emp where ename between 'A' and 'C'; +-------+ | ename | +-------+ | ALLEN | | BLAKE | | ADAMS | +-------+ select ename from emp where ename between 'A' and 'D'; // 左闭右开。
在数据库当中 NULL 不是一个值,代表什么也没有,为空。
必须使用 is null或者is not null
必须使用 is null或者is not null
select ename,sal,comm from emp where comm is null; +--------+---------+------+ | ename | sal | comm | +--------+---------+------+ | SMITH | 800.00 | NULL | | JONES | 2975.00 | NULL | | BLAKE | 2850.00 | NULL | | CLARK | 2450.00 | NULL | | SCOTT | 3000.00 | NULL | | KING | 5000.00 | NULL | | ADAMS | 1100.00 | NULL | | JAMES | 950.00 | NULL | | FORD | 3000.00 | NULL | | MILLER | 1300.00 | NULL | +--------+---------+------+ select ename,sal,comm from emp where comm = null; Empty set (0.00 sec)
select ename,sal,comm from emp where comm is not null; +--------+---------+---------+ | ename | sal | comm | +--------+---------+---------+ | ALLEN | 1600.00 | 300.00 | | WARD | 1250.00 | 500.00 | | MARTIN | 1250.00 | 1400.00 | | TURNER | 1500.00 | 0.00 | +--------+---------+---------+
select ename,sal,comm from emp where comm is null or comm = 0; +--------+---------+------+ | ename | sal | comm | +--------+---------+------+ | SMITH | 800.00 | NULL | | JONES | 2975.00 | NULL | | BLAKE | 2850.00 | NULL | | CLARK | 2450.00 | NULL | | SCOTT | 3000.00 | NULL | | KING | 5000.00 | NULL | | TURNER | 1500.00 | 0.00 | | ADAMS | 1100.00 | NULL | | JAMES | 950.00 | NULL | | FORD | 3000.00 | NULL | | MILLER | 1300.00 | NULL | +--------+---------+------+
select ename,job from emp where job = 'MANAGER' or job = 'SALESMAN'; +--------+----------+ | ename | job | +--------+----------+ | ALLEN | SALESMAN | | WARD | SALESMAN | | JONES | MANAGER | | MARTIN | SALESMAN | | BLAKE | MANAGER | | CLARK | MANAGER | | TURNER | SALESMAN | +--------+----------+
select ename,sal,deptno from emp where sal > 1000 and deptno = 20 or deptno = 30; // 错误的 select ename,sal,deptno from emp where sal > 1000 and (deptno = 20 or deptno = 30); // 正确的。
select ename,job from emp where job = 'SALESMAN' or job = 'MANAGER'; select ename,job from emp where job in('SALESMAN', 'MANAGER'); select ename,job from emp where sal in(800, 5000); // in后面的值不是区间,是具体的值。 +-------+-----------+ | ename | job | +-------+-----------+ | SMITH | CLERK | | KING | PRESIDENT | +-------+-----------+
select ename,job from emp where sal not in(800, 5000);
(在模糊查询当中,必须掌握两个特殊的符号,一个是%,一个是_) %代表任意多个字符,_代表任意1个字符。 select ename from emp where ename like '%O%'; +-------+ | ename | +-------+ | JONES | | SCOTT | | FORD | +-------+
select ename from emp where ename like '_A%'; +--------+ | ename | +--------+ | WARD | | MARTIN | | JAMES | +--------+
mysql> select * from t_user; +------+----------+ | id | name | +------+----------+ | 1 | zhangsan | | 2 | lisi | | 3 | WANG_WU | +------+----------+ select name from t_user where name like '%_%'; +----------+ | name | +----------+ | zhangsan | | lisi | | WANG_WU | +----------+ select name from t_user where name like '%\_%'; +---------+ | name | +---------+ | WANG_WU | +---------+
select ename from emp where ename like '%T'; +-------+ | ename | +-------+ | SCOTT | +-------+
select ename,sal from emp order by sal; +--------+---------+ | ename | sal | +--------+---------+ | SMITH | 800.00 | | JAMES | 950.00 | | ADAMS | 1100.00 | | WARD | 1250.00 | | MARTIN | 1250.00 | | MILLER | 1300.00 | | TURNER | 1500.00 | | ALLEN | 1600.00 | | CLARK | 2450.00 | | BLAKE | 2850.00 | | JONES | 2975.00 | | FORD | 3000.00 | | SCOTT | 3000.00 | | KING | 5000.00 | +--------+---------+
select ename , sal from emp order by sal; // 升序 select ename , sal from emp order by sal asc; // 升序 select ename , sal from emp order by sal desc; // 降序。
select ename,sal from emp order by sal desc; select ename,sal from emp order by sal desc , ename asc;
select ename,job,sal from emp where job = 'SALESMAN' order by sal desc; +--------+----------+---------+ | ename | job | sal | +--------+----------+---------+ | ALLEN | SALESMAN | 1600.00 | | TURNER | SALESMAN | 1500.00 | | WARD | SALESMAN | 1250.00 | | MARTIN | SALESMAN | 1250.00 | +--------+----------+---------+ select 字段 3 from 表名 1 where 条件 2 order by .... 4 order by是最后执行的。
count 计数 sum 求和 avg 平均值 max 最大值 min 最小值
记住:所有的分组函数都是对“某一组”数据进行操作的。
找出工资总和?
select sum(sal) from emp;
找出最高工资?
select max(sal) from emp;
找出最低工资?
select min(sal) from emp;
找出平均工资?
select avg(sal) from emp;
找出总人数?
select count(*) from emp;
select count(ename) from emp;
分组函数一共5个。
分组函数还有另一个名字:多行处理函数。
多行处理函数的特点:输入多行,最终输出的结果是1行。
select count(comm) from emp; +-------------+ | count(comm) | +-------------+ | 4 | +-------------+ select sum(comm) from emp; +-----------+ | sum(comm) | +-----------+ | 2200.00 | +-----------+ select sum(comm) from emp where comm is not null; // 不需要额外添加这个过滤条件。sum函数自动忽略NULL。
select avg(sal) from emp; // 平均工资 +-------------+ | avg(sal) | +-------------+ | 2073.214286 | +-------------+
select ename,sal from emp where sal > avg(sal); //ERROR 1111 (HY000): Invalid use of group function
为什么不可以直接用?
因为group by是在where执行之后才会执行的。 select 5 .. from 1 .. where 2 .. group by 3 .. having 4 .. order by 6 ..
select count(*),sum(sal),avg(sal),max(sal),min(sal) from emp; +----------+----------+-------------+----------+----------+ | count(*) | sum(sal) | avg(sal) | max(sal) | min(sal) | +----------+----------+-------------+----------+----------+ | 14 | 29025.00 | 2073.214286 | 5000.00 | 800.00 | +----------+----------+-------------+----------+----------+
第一步:找出平均工资 select avg(sal) from emp; +-------------+ | avg(sal) | +-------------+ | 2073.214286 | +-------------+ 第二步:找出高于平均工资的员工 select ename,sal from emp where sal > 2073.214286; +-------+---------+ | ename | sal | +-------+---------+ | JONES | 2975.00 | | BLAKE | 2850.00 | | CLARK | 2450.00 | | SCOTT | 3000.00 | | KING | 5000.00 | | FORD | 3000.00 | +-------+---------+ select ename,sal from emp where sal > (select avg(sal) from emp);
输入一行,输出一行。
select ename,(sal+comm)*12 as yearsal from emp;
select ename,(sal+ifnull(comm,0))*12 as yearsal from emp;
ifnull(可能为NULL的数据,被当做什么处理) : 属于单行处理函数。
select ename,ifnull(comm,0) as comm from emp; +--------+---------+ | ename | comm | +--------+---------+ | SMITH | 0.00 | | ALLEN | 300.00 | | WARD | 500.00 | | JONES | 0.00 | | MARTIN | 1400.00 | | BLAKE | 0.00 | | CLARK | 0.00 | | SCOTT | 0.00 | | KING | 0.00 | | TURNER | 0.00 | | ADAMS | 0.00 | | JAMES | 0.00 | | FORD | 0.00 | | MILLER | 0.00 | +--------+---------+
group by : 按照某个字段或者某些字段进行分组。
having : having是对分组之后的数据进行再次过滤。
案例:找出每个工作岗位的最高薪资。 select max(sal),job from emp group by job; +----------+-----------+ | max(sal) | job | +----------+-----------+ | 3000.00 | ANALYST | | 1300.00 | CLERK | | 2975.00 | MANAGER | | 5000.00 | PRESIDENT | | 1600.00 | SALESMAN | +----------+-----------+
注意:分组函数一般都会和group by联合使用,这也是为什么它被称为分组函数的原因。
并且任何一个分组函数(count sum avg max min)都是在group by语句执行结束之后才会执行的。
当一条sql语句没有group by的话,整张表的数据会自成一组。
以上在mysql当中,查询结果是有的,但是结果没有意义,在Oracle数据库当中会报错。语法错误。
Oracle的语法规则比MySQL语法规则严谨。
select job,avg(sal) from emp group by job; +-----------+-------------+ | job | avg(sal) | +-----------+-------------+ | ANALYST | 3000.000000 | | CLERK | 1037.500000 | | MANAGER | 2758.333333 | | PRESIDENT | 5000.000000 | | SALESMAN | 1400.000000 | +-----------+-------------+
案例:找出每个部门不同工作岗位的最高薪资。 select deptno,job,max(sal) from emp group by deptno,job;
第一步:找出每个部门的最高薪资 select max(sal),deptno from emp group by deptno; +----------+--------+ | max(sal) | deptno | +----------+--------+ | 5000.00 | 10 | | 3000.00 | 20 | | 2850.00 | 30 | +----------+--------+ 第二步:找出薪资大于2900 select max(sal),deptno from emp group by deptno having max(sal) > 2900; // 这种方式效率低。 +----------+--------+ | max(sal) | deptno | +----------+--------+ | 5000.00 | 10 | | 3000.00 | 20 | +----------+--------+ select max(sal),deptno from emp where sal > 2900 group by deptno; // 效率较高,建议能够使用where过滤的尽量使用where。 +----------+--------+ | max(sal) | deptno | +----------+--------+ | 5000.00 | 10 | | 3000.00 | 20 | +----------+--------+
第一步:找出每个部门的平均薪资 select deptno,avg(sal) from emp group by deptno; +--------+-------------+ | deptno | avg(sal) | +--------+-------------+ | 10 | 2916.666667 | | 20 | 2175.000000 | | 30 | 1566.666667 | +--------+-------------+ 第二步:要求显示薪资大于2000的数据 select deptno,avg(sal) from emp group by deptno having avg(sal) > 2000; +--------+-------------+ | deptno | avg(sal) | +--------+-------------+ | 10 | 2916.666667 | | 20 | 2175.000000 | +--------+-------------+ where后面不能使用分组函数: select deptno,avg(sal) from emp where avg(sal) > 2000 group by deptno; // 错误了。 这种情况只能使用having过滤。
select 5 .. from 1 .. where 2 .. group by 3 .. having 4 .. order by 6 ..