异常是程序在编译或运行过程出现的例外,这些例外在有的可以避免有的却无法避免
检查异常也称为编译期异常:
未检查异常也称为运行时异常:
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常见异常:
数组下标越界异常:ArrayIndexOutOfBoundsException
字符串下标越界异常:StringIndexOutOfBoundsException
解析异常:ParseException
数字格式化异常:NumberFormatException
输入不匹配异常:InputMismatchException
文件找不到异常:FileNotFoundException
算术异常:ArithmeticException
空指针异常:NullPointerException
没有这样的元素异常:NoSuchElementException
类型转换异常:ClassCastException
栈溢出异常:StackOverfflowError
异常:
AclNotFoundException, ActivationException, AlreadyBoundException, ApplicationException, AWTException, BackingStoreException, BadAttributeValueExpException, BadBinaryOpValueExpException, BadLocationException, BadStringOperationException, BrokenBarrierException, CertificateException, ClassNotFoundException, CloneNotSupportedException, DataFormatException, DatatypeConfigurationException, DestroyFailedException, ExecutionException, ExpandVetoException, FontFormatException, GeneralSecurityException, GSSException, IllegalAccessException, IllegalClassFormatException, InstantiationException, InterruptedException, IntrospectionException, InvalidApplicationException, InvalidMidiDataException, InvalidPreferencesFormatException, InvalidTargetObjectTypeException, InvocationTargetException, IOException, JAXBException, JMException, KeySelectorException, LastOwnerException, LineUnavailableException, MarshalException, MidiUnavailableException, MimeTypeParseException, MimeTypeParseException, NamingException, NoninvertibleTransformException, NoSuchFieldException, NoSuchMethodException, NotBoundException, NotOwnerException, ParseException, ParserConfigurationException, PrinterException, PrintException, PrivilegedActionException, PropertyVetoException, RefreshFailedException, RemarshalException, RuntimeException, SAXException, ScriptException, ServerNotActiveException, SOAPException, SQLException, TimeoutException, TooManyListenersException, TransformerException, TransformException, UnmodifiableClassException, UnsupportedAudioFileException, UnsupportedCallbackException, UnsupportedFlavorException, UnsupportedLookAndFeelException, URIReferenceException, URISyntaxException, UserException, XAException, XMLParseException, XMLSignatureException, XMLStreamException, XPathException
Java编译期异常必须要进行处理,否则Java源文件在编译时编译器会提示错误,且源文件无法成功编译
Java编译期异常的处理方式有两种
使用try、catch、finally捕获异常:
try{
//可能会出现异常的代码
//如果异常,内部任何程序都不会执行、
return;
}catch(ParseException e){
//捕获执行的代码
}finally{
//不管是否发生异常都要执行的代码
return;
}
先执行finally里的,后执行try里的。
实例演示:
import java.text.ParseException; import java.text.SimpleDateFormat; import java.util.Date; public class Yichang { public static void main(String[] args) throws ParseException,ClassCastException { //异常处理 //1、方法头抛异常 throws ,调用方法的时候还要处理. //throws ParseException //可以抛多个异常,异常之间用逗号隔开。可抑制结抛Exception //2、try{}catch(){}finally{} test01(); test02(); } //第一种 public static void test01() throws ParseException { SimpleDateFormat ne = new SimpleDateFormat("yyyy-MM-dd"); Date date = ne.parse("2021-02-02"); System.out.println(date); } //第二种 public static void test02(){ SimpleDateFormat ne = new SimpleDateFormat("yyyy-MM-dd"); Date date = null; try { date = ne.parse("aa"); } catch (ParseException e) { e.printStackTrace();//打印异常信息 e.getMessage(); } catch (Exception e){ e.printStackTrace(); }finally { //一定会执行,//回收资源 System.out.println("ca,大哥!"); } } }
运行结果:
在开发中,可能需要自定义异常类。
自定义异常根据继承的父类不同分为两类:
继承自Exception的自定义异常为编译期异常必须要进行处理
继承自RuntimeException的自定义异常为运行时异常不需要进行特别的处理。
自定义一个学生类,属性有 姓名 年龄,如果用户在给学生年龄赋值时,年龄小于0抛出一个Age_0Exception ,大于150 抛出一个Runti
创建异常类(运行时异常):
public class Runti extends RuntimeException{ //运行时异常 public Runti() { } public Runti(String message) { super(message); } }
创建异常类(编译时异常):
public class Age_0Exception extends Exception{ //编译类异常 public Age_0Exception() { // super(); 不加也会默认加 } public Age_0Exception(String message) { super(message); } }
捕获异常:
public class ZidingyiClasee { private int age; public int getAge() { return age; } public void setAge(int age) throws Age_0Exception,Runti { if(age<0){ // Age_0Exception ag = new Age_0Exception("年龄小于0"); throw new Age_0Exception("年龄小于零!"); } if(age>150){ throw new Runti("年龄大于150!"); } this.age = age; } }
测试类:
public class Testmain { public static void main(String[] args) throws Age_0Exception { ZidingyiClasee z = new ZidingyiClasee(); z.setAge(10); z.setAge(-1);//编译时异常 z.setAge(151);//运行时异常 } }
运行结果: