表或表字段等的注释，是数据库对象的扩展属性。在MSSQL中，支持把一些注释性的内容放到数据库或数据库对象中，增强可读性，有助于日后的管理和维护工作。扩展属性的内容可以通过SSMS添加、修改或删除，也可以通过系统视图查询，通过执行相关的存储过程来维护。
information_schema：系统视图
sys.extended_properties：系统视图

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• 一、sqlserver 查询某个表的列名称、说明、备注、类型等
• 二、查询一个表的所有列名
• 三、查询一个表的所有列名，字段的注释
• 四、查询整个数据库语句

一、sqlserver 查询某个表的列名称、说明、备注、类型等

--sqlserver 查询某个表的列名称、说明、备注、类型等
SELECT 
  表名 = case when a.colorder = 1 then d.name else '' end, 
  表说明 = case when a.colorder = 1 then isnull(f.value, '') else '' end, 
  字段序号 = a.colorder, 
  字段名 = a.name, 
  标识 = case when COLUMNPROPERTY(a.id, a.name, 'IsIdentity')= 1 then '√' else '' end, 
  主键 = case when exists(
    SELECT 
      1 
    FROM 
      sysobjects 
    where 
      xtype = 'PK' 
      and parent_obj = a.id 
      and name in (
        SELECT 
          name 
        FROM 
          sysindexes 
        WHERE 
          indid in(
            SELECT 
              indid 
            FROM 
              sysindexkeys 
            WHERE 
              id = a.id 
              AND colid = a.colid
          )
      )
  ) then '√' else '' end, 
  类型 = b.name, 
  占用字节数 = a.length, 
  长度 = COLUMNPROPERTY(a.id, a.name, 'PRECISION'), 
  小数位数 = isnull(
    COLUMNPROPERTY(a.id, a.name, 'Scale'), 
    0
  ), 
  允许空 = case when a.isnullable = 1 then '√' else '' end, 
  默认值 = isnull(e.text, ''), 
  字段说明 = isnull(g.[value], '') 
FROM 
  syscolumns a 
  left join systypes b on a.xusertype = b.xusertype 
  inner join sysobjects d on a.id = d.id 
  and d.xtype = 'U' 
  and d.name<>'dtproperties' 
  left join syscomments e on a.cdefault = e.id 
  left join sys.extended_properties g on a.id = G.major_id 
  and a.colid = g.minor_id 
  left join sys.extended_properties f on d.id = f.major_id 
  and f.minor_id = 0 
where 
  d.name = '数据库表名' --如果只查询指定表,加上此where条件，tablename是要查询的表名；去除where条件查询所有的表信息
order by 
  a.id, 
  a.colorder

效果如图：

二、查询一个表的所有列名

--查询一个表的所有列名
Select Name FROM SysColumns Where id=Object_Id('查询的数据库表名')
GO
select t.column_name from information_schema.columns t where t.table_name='查询的数据库表名';

第一局执行效果图：

第二句执行效果图：

三、查询一个表的所有列名，字段的注释

------查询一个表的所有列名，字段的注释
SELECT
A.name AS 表名,
B.name AS 字段名,
C.value AS 字段说明
FROM sys.tables A
INNER JOIN sys.columns B ON B.object_id = A.object_id
LEFT JOIN sys.extended_properties C ON C.major_id = B.object_id AND C.minor_id = B.column_id
WHERE A.name = '查询的数据库表名'

效果如图：

四、查询整个数据库语句

/************************************************************
 * Code formatted by SoftTree SQL Assistant ?v5.0.97
 * Time: 2020/3/24 8:50:02
 ************************************************************/
 
-- 名名称和字段名 
SELECT 
  (
    CASE WHEN a.colorder = 1 THEN d.name ELSE '' END
  ) 表名, 
  a.colorder 字段序号, 
  a.name 字段名, 
  (
    CASE WHEN COLUMNPROPERTY(a.id, a.name, 'IsIdentity') = 1 THEN '√' ELSE '' END
  ) 标识, 
  (
    CASE WHEN (
      SELECT 
        COUNT(*) 
      FROM 
        sysobjects 
      WHERE 
        (
          NAME IN (
            SELECT 
              NAME 
            FROM 
              sysindexes 
            WHERE 
              (id = a.id) 
              AND (
                indid IN (
                  SELECT 
                    indid 
                  FROM 
                    sysindexkeys 
                  WHERE 
                    (id = a.id) 
                    AND (
                      colid IN (
                        SELECT 
                          colid 
                        FROM 
                          syscolumns 
                        WHERE 
                          (id = a.id) 
                          AND (NAME = a.name)
                      )
                    )
                )
              )
          )
        ) 
        AND (xtype = 'PK')
    ) > 0 THEN '√' ELSE '' END
  ) 主键, 
  b.name 类型, 
  a.length 占用字节数, 
  COLUMNPROPERTY(a.id, a.name, 'PRECISION') AS 长度, 
  ISNULL(
    COLUMNPROPERTY(a.id, a.name, 'Scale'), 
    0
  ) AS 小数位数, 
  (
    CASE WHEN a.isnullable = 1 THEN '√' ELSE '' END
  ) 允许空, 
  ISNULL(e.text, '') 默认值, 
  ISNULL(g.[value], '') AS 字段说明 
FROM 
  syscolumns a 
  LEFT JOIN systypes b ON a.xtype = b.xusertype 
  INNER JOIN sysobjects d ON a.id = d.id 
  AND d.xtype = 'U' 
  AND d.name<> 'dtproperties' 
  LEFT JOIN syscomments e ON a.cdefault = e.id 
  LEFT JOIN sys.extended_properties g ON a.id = g.major_id 
  AND a.colid = g.minor_id 
ORDER BY 
  a.id, 
  a.colorder