以下为操作步骤为docker中安装MySQL，亲测有效
环境：以下步骤都是基于 阿里云centos8 docker containerd.io-1.4.6-3.1.el7.x86_64.rpm
一、首先安装docker

sudo yum install -y yum-utils  device-mapper-persistent-data  lvm2
dnf install https://download.docker.com/linux/centos/7/x86_64/stable/Packages/containerd.io-1.4.6-3.1.el7.x86_64.rpm
sudo yum install docker-ce docker-ce-cli containerd.io
sudo yum install docker-ce docker-ce-cli

注：在安装过程中，会提示 y/N 输入 y即可，每个步骤操作过程中最后提示complete，即操作成功。
安装完成之后输入以下命令，检查docker是否安装成功

sudo systemctl start docker
docker --version
输出以下内容表示成功安装：
[root@i1eoZ ~]# docker --version
Docker version 20.10.7, build f0df350

出现docker的版本信息，则安装成功。
接着设置docker开机启动：

sudo systemctl enable docker
systemctl start docker.service

接着输入命令：

[root@i1eoZ ~]# docker info
输出表示docker已经正常运行：
Client:
 Context:    default
 Debug Mode: false
 Plugins:
  app: Docker App (Docker Inc., v0.9.1-beta3)
  buildx: Build with BuildKit (Docker Inc., v0.5.1-docker)
  scan: Docker Scan (Docker Inc., v0.8.0)
......

2、安装MySQL
查看docker中运行的哪些镜像

[root@if1eoZ ~]# docker ps
CONTAINER ID   IMAGE     COMMAND   CREATED   STATUS    PORTS     NAMES
以上输出表示目前还没镜像

输入docker search mysql

[root@iZ1eoZ ~]# docker search mysql
NAME                              DESCRIPTION                                     STARS     OFFICIAL   AUTOMATED
mysql                             MySQL is a widely used, open-source relation…   11082     [OK]       
mariadb                           MariaDB Server is a high performing open sou…   4199      [OK]       
mysql/mysql-server                Optimized MySQL Server Docker images. Create…   823                  [OK]
mysql/mysql-cluster               Experimental MySQL Cluster Docker images. Cr…   88                   
centos/mysql-57-centos7           MySQL 5.7 SQL database server                   88                   
centurylink/mysql                 Image containing mysql. Optimized to be link…   59                   [OK]
databack/mysql-backup             Back up mysql databases to... anywhere!         44                   
deitch/mysql-backup               REPLACED! Please use http://hub.docker.com/r…   41                   [OK]
prom/mysqld-exporter                                                              39                   [OK]
tutum/mysql                       Base docker image to run a MySQL database se…   35                   
linuxserver/mysql                 A Mysql container, brought to you by LinuxSe…   30                   
schickling/mysql-backup-s3        Backup MySQL to S3 (supports periodic backup…   29                   [OK]
mysql/mysql-router                MySQL Router provides transparent routing be…   21                   
centos/mysql-56-centos7           MySQL 5.6 SQL database server                   20                   
arey/mysql-client                 Run a MySQL client from a docker container      17                   [OK]
fradelg/mysql-cron-backup         MySQL/MariaDB database backup using cron tas…   14                   [OK]
yloeffler/mysql-backup            This image runs mysqldump to backup data usi…   7                    [OK]
genschsa/mysql-employees          MySQL Employee Sample Database                  7                    [OK]
openshift/mysql-55-centos7        DEPRECATED: A Centos7 based MySQL v5.5 image…   6                    
devilbox/mysql                    Retagged MySQL, MariaDB and PerconaDB offici…   3                    
cytopia/mysql-5.5                 MySQL 5.5 on CentOS 7                           3                    [OK]
ansibleplaybookbundle/mysql-apb   An APB which deploys RHSCL MySQL                2                    [OK]
widdpim/mysql-client              Dockerized MySQL Client (5.7) including Curl…   1                    [OK]
jelastic/mysql                    An image of the MySQL database server mainta…   1                    
monasca/mysql-init                A minimal decoupled init container for mysql    0       

接着拉去MySQL镜像

[root@iZ1eoZ ~]# docker pull mysql
Using default tag: latest
latest: Pulling from library/mysql
b4d181a07f80: Pull complete 
a462b60610f5: Pull complete 
578fafb77ab8: Pull complete 
524046006037: Pull complete 
d0cbe54c8855: Pull complete 
aa18e05cc46d: Pull complete 
32ca814c833f: Pull complete 
9ecc8abdb7f5: Pull complete 
ad042b682e0f: Pull complete 
71d327c6bb78: Pull complete 
165d1d10a3fa: Pull complete 
2f40c47d0626: Pull complete 
后续省略....

查看镜像：docker images

[root@iZoZ ~]# docker images
REPOSITORY   TAG       IMAGE ID       CREATED       SIZE
mysql        latest    5c62e459e087   10 days ago   556MB

在opt下创建文件夹

cd /opt/
mkdir mysql_docker
cd mysql_docker/
echo $PWD

[root@i1eoZ ~]# cd /opt/
[root@i1eoZ opt]# ls
containerd
[root@ioZ opt]# mkdir mysql_docker
[root@iZoZ opt]# ls
containerd  mysql_docker
[root@i1eoZ opt]# cd mysql_docker/
[root@itf1eoZ mysql_docker]# pwd
/opt/mysql_docker
[root@iZ1eoZ mysql_docker]# echo $PWD
/opt/mysql_docker

启动mysql容器，在var/lib/docker/containers/下查看容器

[root@iZ21eoZ mysql_docker]# docker run --name mysqlserver -v $PWD/conf:/etc/mysql/conf.d -v $PWD/logs:/logs -v $PWD/data:/var/lib/mysql -e MYSQL_ROOT_PASSWORD=123456 -d -i -p 3306:3306 mysql:latest
a9b7a794c25d8780ff773155e0acb0eb2d170a60a08573272a25c9742829d621
[root@itf1eoZ mysql_docker]# ls
conf  data  logs
[root@iZ2f1eoZ mysql_docker]# cd /var/lib/docker/containers/
[root@iZf1eoZ containers]# ls
a9b7a794c25d8780ff773155e0acb0eb2d170a60a08573272a25c9742829d621
[root@iZ2z1eoZ containers]# cd /opt/mysql_docker/
[root@iZf1eoZ mysql_docker]# docker ps -a
CONTAINER ID   IMAGE          COMMAND                  CREATED              STATUS              PORTS                                                  NAMES
a9b7a794c25d   mysql:latest   "docker-entrypoint.s…"   About a minute ago   Up About a minute   0.0.0.0:3306->3306/tcp, :::3306->3306/tcp, 33060/tcp   mysqlserver

7、进入mysql容器，并登陆mysql
命令：docker exec -it mysqlserver bash
命令：mysql -uroot -p

[root@iZeoZ mysql_docker]# docker exec -it mysqlserver bash
root@a9b7a794c25d:/# mysql -uroot -p
Enter password: 
Welcome to the MySQL monitor.  Commands end with ; or \g.
Your MySQL connection id is 8
Server version: 8.0.25 MySQL Community Server - GPL
Copyright (c) 2000, 2021, Oracle and/or its affiliates.
Oracle is a registered trademark of Oracle Corporation and/or its
affiliates. Other names may be trademarks of their respective
owners.
Type 'help;' or '\h' for help. Type '\c' to clear the current input statement.
mysql> select now();
+---------------------+
| now()               |
+---------------------+
| 2021-07-03 15:38:02 |
+---------------------+
1 row in set (0.00 sec)

开启远程访问权限
命令：use mysql;
命令：select host,user from user;
命令：ALTER USER ‘root’@’%’ IDENTIFIED WITH mysql_native_password BY ‘123456’;
命令：grant all privileges on . to ‘root’@’%’ ;
命令：flush privileges;
注释：
如果需要添加新的用户，用以下命令：
CREATE USER ‘newroot’@’%’ IDENTIFIED WITH mysql_native_password BY ‘123456’;

mysql> use mysql;
Reading table information for completion of table and column names
You can turn off this feature to get a quicker startup with -A
Database changed
mysql> select host,user from user;
+-----------+------------------+
| host      | user             |
+-----------+------------------+
| %         | root             |
| localhost | mysql.infoschema |
| localhost | mysql.session    |
| localhost | mysql.sys        |
| localhost | root             |
+-----------+------------------+
5 rows in set (0.00 sec)

mysql> ALTER USER 'root'@'%' IDENTIFIED WITH mysql_native_password BY '123456';
Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.00 sec)

mysql> flush privileges;
Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.01 sec)

查询远程连接的用户：

mysql> select host,user,plugin,authentication_string from mysql.user;
+-----------+------------------+-----------------------+------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| host      | user             | plugin                | authentication_string                                                  |
+-----------+------------------+-----------------------+------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| %         | root             | mysql_native_password | *6BB4837EB74329105EE4568DDA7DC67ED2CA2AD9                              |
| localhost | mysql.infoschema | caching_sha2_password | $A$005$THISISACOMBINATIONOFINVALIDSALTANDPASSWORDTHATMUSTNEVERBRBEUSED |
| localhost | mysql.session    | caching_sha2_password | $A$005$THISISACOMBINATIONOFINVALIDSALTANDPASSWORDTHATMUSTNEVERBRBEUSED |
| localhost | mysql.sys        | caching_sha2_password | $A$005$THISISACOMBINATIONOFINVALIDSALTANDPASSWORDTHATMUSTNEVERBRBEUSED |
]u|MNV">fkCOyLyrg.9AvdBkjzlOHTH72OOvK0xakKg21y2TwgWleF6 |$A$005$ 
+-----------+------------------+-----------------------+------------------------------------------------------------------------+
5 rows in set (0.00 sec)
注释：如果有新添加的用户，表里面也会显示出来

另外，在安装过程中还遇到一个问题，就是在docker镜像里面不能用ifconfig查看IP地址，解决方法：

yum install net-tools
如果输入这个命令报错的话，用下面这个命令：
apt-get install net-tools
输入后可能会报下面这个错误
root@a9b7a794c25d:/# apt-get install net-tools
Reading package lists... Done
Building dependency tree       
Reading state information... Done
E: Unable to locate package net-tools

这时候我们输入以下命令：
root@a9b7a794c25d:/# apt-get update
Get:1 http://security.debian.org/debian-security buster/updates InRelease [65.4 kB]
Get:2 http://deb.debian.org/debian buster InRelease [122 kB]                                            
Get:3 http://deb.debian.org/debian buster-updates InRelease [51.9 kB]                                              
Get:4 http://deb.debian.org/debian buster/main amd64 Packages [7907 kB]           
Get:5 http://security.debian.org/debian-security buster/updates/main amd64 Packages [293 kB]
Get:6 http://repo.mysql.com/apt/debian buster InRelease [21.5 kB]                                              
Get:7 http://repo.mysql.com/apt/debian buster/mysql-8.0 amd64 Packages [6017 B]
Get:8 http://deb.debian.org/debian buster-updates/main amd64 Packages [15.2 kB]                                                                                                                                                                 
Fetched 8481 kB in 3min 14s (43.6 kB/s)                                                                                                                                                                                                         
Reading package lists... Done

接着输入命令：apt-get install net-tools

root@a9b7a794c25d:/# apt-get install net-tools
Reading package lists... Done
Building dependency tree       
Reading state information... Done
The following NEW packages will be installed:
  net-tools
0 upgraded, 1 newly installed, 0 to remove and 0 not upgraded.
Need to get 248 kB of archives.
After this operation, 1002 kB of additional disk space will be used.
Get:1 http://deb.debian.org/debian buster/main amd64 net-tools amd64 1.60+git20180626.aebd88e-1 [248 kB]
Fetched 248 kB in 2s (116 kB/s)                    
debconf: delaying package configuration, since apt-utils is not installed
Selecting previously unselected package net-tools.
(Reading database ... 9233 files and directories currently installed.)
Preparing to unpack .../net-tools_1.60+git20180626.aebd88e-1_amd64.deb ...
Unpacking net-tools (1.60+git20180626.aebd88e-1) ...
Setting up net-tools (1.60+git20180626.aebd88e-1) ...

然后输入ifconfig就可以正常使用了。

遗留问题：
本来想用Navicat，或者DataGrip来连接docker中的mysql，遇到了一些问题，还没解决，后续解决了会同步，或者有已经解决的欢迎留言，相互学习，谢谢！