1.理解朴素贝叶斯算法原理,掌握朴素贝叶斯算法框架;
2.掌握常见的高斯模型,多项式模型和伯努利模型;
3.能根据不同的数据类型,选择不同的概率模型实现朴素贝叶斯算法;
4.针对特定应用场景及数据,能应用朴素贝叶斯解决实际问题。
1.实现高斯朴素贝叶斯算法。
2.熟悉sklearn库中的朴素贝叶斯算法;
3.针对iris数据集,应用sklearn的朴素贝叶斯算法进行类别预测。
4.针对iris数据集,利用自编朴素贝叶斯算法进行类别预测。
1.对照实验内容,撰写实验过程、算法及测试结果;
2.代码规范化:命名规则、注释;
3.分析核心算法的复杂度;
4.查阅文献,讨论各种朴素贝叶斯算法的应用场景;
5.讨论朴素贝叶斯算法的优缺点。
1.分类决策树模型是表示基于特征对实例进行分类的树形结构。决策树可以转换成一个if-then规则的集合,也可以看作是定义在特征空间划分上的类的条件概率分布。
2.决策树学习旨在构建一个与训练数据拟合很好,并且复杂度小的决策树。因为从可能的决策树中直接选取最优决策树是NP完全问题。现实中采用启发式方法学习次优的决策树。
决策树学习算法包括3部分:特征选择、树的生成和树的剪枝。常用的算法有ID3、
C4.5和CART。
3.特征选择的目的在于选取对训练数据能够分类的特征。特征选择的关键是其准则。常用的准则如下:
(1)样本集合\(D\)对特征\(A\)的信息增益(ID3)
\[g(D, A)=H(D)-H(D|A) \]\[H(D)=-\sum_{k=1}^{K} \frac{\left|C_{k}\right|}{|D|} \log _{2} \frac{\left|C_{k}\right|}{|D|} \]\[H(D | A)=\sum_{i=1}^{n} \frac{\left|D_{i}\right|}{|D|} H\left(D_{i}\right) \]其中,\(H(D)\)是数据集\(D\)的熵,\(H(D_i)\)是数据集\(D_i\)的熵,\(H(D|A)\)是数据集\(D\)对特征\(A\)的条件熵。 \(D_i\)是\(D\)中特征\(A\)取第\(i\)个值的样本子集,\(C_k\)是\(D\)中属于第\(k\)类的样本子集。\(n\)是特征\(A\)取 值的个数,\(K\)是类的个数。
(2)样本集合\(D\)对特征\(A\)的信息增益比(C4.5)
\[g_{R}(D, A)=\frac{g(D, A)}{H(D)} \]其中,\(g(D,A)\)是信息增益,\(H(D)\)是数据集\(D\)的熵。
(3)样本集合\(D\)的基尼指数(CART)
\[\operatorname{Gini}(D)=1-\sum_{k=1}^{K}\left(\frac{\left|C_{k}\right|}{|D|}\right)^{2} \]特征\(A\)条件下集合\(D\)的基尼指数:
\[\operatorname{Gini}(D, A)=\frac{\left|D_{1}\right|}{|D|} \operatorname{Gini}\left(D_{1}\right)+\frac{\left|D_{2}\right|}{|D|} \operatorname{Gini}\left(D_{2}\right) \]4.决策树的生成。通常使用信息增益最大、信息增益比最大或基尼指数最小作为特征选择的准则。决策树的生成往往通过计算信息增益或其他指标,从根结点开始,递归地产生决策树。这相当于用信息增益或其他准则不断地选取局部最优的特征,或将训练集分割为能够基本正确分类的子集。
5.决策树的剪枝。由于生成的决策树存在过拟合问题,需要对它进行剪枝,以简化学到的决策树。决策树的剪枝,往往从已生成的树上剪掉一些叶结点或叶结点以上的子树,并将其父结点或根结点作为新的叶结点,从而简化生成的决策树。
import numpy as np import pandas as pd import matplotlib.pyplot as plt %matplotlib inline from sklearn.datasets import load_iris from sklearn.model_selection import train_test_split from collections import Counter import math from math import log import pprint # 书上题目5.1 def create_data(): datasets = [['青年', '否', '否', '一般', '否'], ['青年', '否', '否', '好', '否'], ['青年', '是', '否', '好', '是'], ['青年', '是', '是', '一般', '是'], ['青年', '否', '否', '一般', '否'], ['中年', '否', '否', '一般', '否'], ['中年', '否', '否', '好', '否'], ['中年', '是', '是', '好', '是'], ['中年', '否', '是', '非常好', '是'], ['中年', '否', '是', '非常好', '是'], ['老年', '否', '是', '非常好', '是'], ['老年', '否', '是', '好', '是'], ['老年', '是', '否', '好', '是'], ['老年', '是', '否', '非常好', '是'], ['老年', '否', '否', '一般', '否'], ] labels = [u'年龄', u'有工作', u'有自己的房子', u'信贷情况', u'类别'] # 返回数据集和每个维度的名称 return datasets, labels datasets, labels = create_data() train_data = pd.DataFrame(datasets, columns=labels) train_data # 熵 def calc_ent(datasets): data_length = len(datasets) label_count = {} for i in range(data_length): label = datasets[i][-1] if label not in label_count: label_count[label] = 0 label_count[label] += 1 ent = -sum([(p / data_length) * log(p / data_length, 2) for p in label_count.values()]) return ent # def entropy(y): # """ # Entropy of a label sequence # """ # hist = np.bincount(y) # ps = hist / np.sum(hist) # return -np.sum([p * np.log2(p) for p in ps if p > 0]) # 经验条件熵 def cond_ent(datasets, axis=0): data_length = len(datasets) feature_sets = {} for i in range(data_length): feature = datasets[i][axis] if feature not in feature_sets: feature_sets[feature] = [] feature_sets[feature].append(datasets[i]) cond_ent = sum( [(len(p) / data_length) * calc_ent(p) for p in feature_sets.values()]) return cond_ent # 信息增益 def info_gain(ent, cond_ent): return ent - cond_ent def info_gain_train(datasets): count = len(datasets[0]) - 1 ent = calc_ent(datasets) # ent = entropy(datasets) best_feature = [] for c in range(count): c_info_gain = info_gain(ent, cond_ent(datasets, axis=c)) best_feature.append((c, c_info_gain)) print('特征({}) - info_gain - {:.3f}'.format(labels[c], c_info_gain)) # 比较大小 best_ = max(best_feature, key=lambda x: x[-1]) return '特征({})的信息增益最大,选择为根节点特征'.format(labels[best_[0]]) info_gain_train(np.array(datasets))
# 定义节点类 二叉树 class Node: def __init__(self, root=True, label=None, feature_name=None, feature=None): self.root = root self.label = label self.feature_name = feature_name self.feature = feature self.tree = {} self.result = { 'label:': self.label, 'feature': self.feature, 'tree': self.tree } def __repr__(self): return '{}'.format(self.result) def add_node(self, val, node): self.tree[val] = node def predict(self, features): if self.root is True: return self.label return self.tree[features[self.feature]].predict(features) class DTree: def __init__(self, epsilon=0.1): self.epsilon = epsilon self._tree = {} # 熵 @staticmethod def calc_ent(datasets): data_length = len(datasets) label_count = {} for i in range(data_length): label = datasets[i][-1] if label not in label_count: label_count[label] = 0 label_count[label] += 1 ent = -sum([(p / data_length) * log(p / data_length, 2) for p in label_count.values()]) return ent # 经验条件熵 def cond_ent(self, datasets, axis=0): data_length = len(datasets) feature_sets = {} for i in range(data_length): feature = datasets[i][axis] if feature not in feature_sets: feature_sets[feature] = [] feature_sets[feature].append(datasets[i]) cond_ent = sum([(len(p) / data_length) * self.calc_ent(p) for p in feature_sets.values()]) return cond_ent # 信息增益 @staticmethod def info_gain(ent, cond_ent): return ent - cond_ent def info_gain_train(self, datasets): count = len(datasets[0]) - 1 ent = self.calc_ent(datasets) best_feature = [] for c in range(count): c_info_gain = self.info_gain(ent, self.cond_ent(datasets, axis=c)) best_feature.append((c, c_info_gain)) # 比较大小 best_ = max(best_feature, key=lambda x: x[-1]) return best_ def train(self, train_data): """ input:数据集D(DataFrame格式),特征集A,阈值eta output:决策树T """ _, y_train, features = train_data.iloc[:, : -1], train_data.iloc[:, -1], train_data.columns[: -1] # 1,若D中实例属于同一类Ck,则T为单节点树,并将类Ck作为结点的类标记,返回T if len(y_train.value_counts()) == 1: return Node(root=True, label=y_train.iloc[0]) # 2, 若A为空,则T为单节点树,将D中实例树最大的类Ck作为该节点的类标记,返回T if len(features) == 0: return Node( root=True, label=y_train.value_counts().sort_values( ascending=False).index[0]) # 3,计算最大信息增益 同5.1,Ag为信息增益最大的特征 max_feature, max_info_gain = self.info_gain_train(np.array(train_data)) max_feature_name = features[max_feature] # 4,Ag的信息增益小于阈值eta,则置T为单节点树,并将D中是实例数最大的类Ck作为该节点的类标记,返回T if max_info_gain < self.epsilon: return Node( root=True, label=y_train.value_counts().sort_values( ascending=False).index[0]) # 5,构建Ag子集 node_tree = Node( root=False, feature_name=max_feature_name, feature=max_feature) feature_list = train_data[max_feature_name].value_counts().index for f in feature_list: sub_train_df = train_data.loc[train_data[max_feature_name] == f].drop([max_feature_name], axis=1) # 6, 递归生成树 sub_tree = self.train(sub_train_df) node_tree.add_node(f, sub_tree) # pprint.pprint(node_tree.tree) return node_tree def fit(self, train_data): self._tree = self.train(train_data) return self._tree def predict(self, X_test): return self._tree.predict(X_test) datasets, labels = create_data() data_df = pd.DataFrame(datasets, columns=labels) dt = DTree() tree = dt.fit(data_df)