***> 本次主要还是弄一些基础命令……*** ### 1、系统状态检测命令 #### 1、ifconifg > *查看网卡信息* ```linux [root@mingmingxingforcomputer ~]# ifconfig ens160: flags=4163<UP,BROADCAST,RUNNING,MULTICAST> mtu 1500 inet 192.168.0.15 netmask 255.255.255.0 broadcast 192.168.0.255 inet6 fe80::3928:f622:d292:1173 prefixlen 64 scopeid 0x20 ether 00:0c:29:ba:95:53 txqueuelen 1000 (Ethernet) RX packets 61 bytes 8494 (8.2 KiB) RX errors 0 dropped 0 overruns 0 frame 0 TX packets 58 bytes 8801 (8.5 KiB) TX errors 0 dropped 0 overruns 0 carrier 0 collisions 0 lo: flags=73<UP,LOOPBACK,RUNNING> mtu 65536 inet 127.0.0.1 netmask 255.0.0.0 inet6 ::1 prefixlen 128 scopeid 0x10 loop txqueuelen 1000 (Local Loopback) RX packets 48 bytes 5616 (5.4 KiB) RX errors 0 dropped 0 overruns 0 frame 0 TX packets 48 bytes 5616 (5.4 KiB) TX errors 0 dropped 0 overruns 0 carrier 0 collisions 0 virbr0: flags=4099<UP,BROADCAST,MULTICAST> mtu 1500 inet 192.168.122.1 netmask 255.255.255.0 broadcast 192.168.122.255 ether 52:54:00:a0:0a:88 txqueuelen 1000 (Ethernet) RX packets 0 bytes 0 (0.0 B) RX errors 0 dropped 0 overruns 0 frame 0 TX packets 0 bytes 0 (0.0 B) TX errors 0 dropped 0 overruns 0 carrier 0 collisions 0 ``` | 参数 | 描述 | | ----------------------- | -------- | | ens160 | 网卡名称 | | inet 192.168.0.15 | IP地址 | | netmask 255.255.255.0 | 子网掩码 | | ether 00:0c:29:ba:95:53 | 物理地址 | #### 2、uname > ​ *查看系统信息* ```linux [root@mingmingxingforcomputer ~]# uname Linux [root@mingmingxingforcomputer ~]# uname -a Linux mingmingxingforcomputer 4.18.0-80.el8.x86_64 #1 SMP Wed Mar 13 12:02:46 UTC 2019 x86_64 x86_64 x86_64 GNU/Linux ``` #### 3、uptime > ​ *查看系统的负载信息* ``` [root@mingmingxingforcomputer ~]# uptime 15:03:53 up 9 min, 1 user, load average: 0.00, 0.11, 0.12 ``` > 负载值越低越好指的是对运维人员来讲的，越低越安全省心。但是公司购置的硬件设备如果长期处于空闲状态，明显是种资源浪费，老板也不会开心。所以我们建议是负载值保持在1左右，不要超过5就好。 #### 4、free > *用于显示当前系统中内存的使用量信息* ``` [root@mingmingxingforcomputer ~]# free total used free shared buff/cache available Mem: 7977588 767364 6767808 9880 442416 6939484 Swap: 2097148 0 2097148 // -h 参数可以更加直观的看到内存使用情况 [root@mingmingxingforcomputer ~]# free -h total used free shared buff/cache available Mem: 7.6Gi 749Mi 6.5Gi 9.0Mi 432Mi 6.6Gi Swap: 2.0Gi 0B 2.0Gi ``` #### 5、who > *****查看当前登入主机的用户终端信息***** ``` [root@mingmingxingforcomputer ~]# who root pts/0 2021-06-26 14:55 (192.168.0.9) ``` #### 6、last > *用于调取主机的被访记录* ``` [root@mingmingxingforcomputer ~]# last root pts/0 192.168.0.9 Sat Jun 26 14:55 still logged in reboot system boot 4.18.0-80.el8.x8 Fri Jun 25 01:16 still running root pts/1 192.168.0.9 Sat Jun 26 21:25 - 14:53 (-6:32) root tty2 tty2 Sat Jun 26 18:33 - down (-3:40) reboot system boot 4.18.0-80.el8.x8 Sat Jun 26 18:20 - 14:53 (-3:26) root tty2 tty2 Sat Jun 26 05:30 - 07:01 (01:30) reboot system boot 4.18.0-80.el8.x8 Sat Jun 26 04:51 - 07:01 (02:10) root pts/2 192.168.0.2 Thu Jan 21 21:24 - 21:39 (00:15) root pts/2 192.168.0.2 Wed Jan 20 05:28 - 05:29 (00:00) root pts/1 192.168.0.2 Wed Jan 20 05:25 - 21:39 (1+16:14) root pts/1 192.168.0.2 Wed Jan 20 05:24 - 05:25 (00:00) root tty2 tty2 Wed Jan 20 05:20 - 21:39 (1+16:19) reboot system boot 4.18.0-80.el8.x8 Wed Jan 20 05:20 - 21:40 (1+16:19) root tty2 tty2 Wed Jan 20 05:00 - 05:17 (00:17) reboot system boot 4.18.0-80.el8.x8 Wed Jan 20 05:00 - 05:17 (00:17) reboot system boot 4.18.0-80.el8.x8 Wed Jan 20 04:59 - 05:17 (00:17) root tty2 tty2 Wed Jan 20 04:44 - down (00:14) reboot system boot 4.18.0-80.el8.x8 Wed Jan 20 04:44 - 04:59 (00:15) root tty2 tty2 Mon Jan 4 03:40 - 04:52 (01:11) reboot system boot 4.18.0-80.el8.x8 Mon Jan 4 03:37 - 04:52 (01:14) wtmp begins Mon Jan 4 03:37:53 2021 ``` #### 7、ping ​ ***控制ping次数【-c】*** ``` [root@mingmingxingforcomputer ~]# ping -c 3 192.168.0.1 PING 192.168.0.1 (192.168.0.1) 56(84) bytes of data. 64 bytes from 192.168.0.1: icmp_seq=1 ttl=64 time=0.601 ms 64 bytes from 192.168.0.1: icmp_seq=2 ttl=64 time=6.33 ms 64 bytes from 192.168.0.1: icmp_seq=3 ttl=64 time=1.15 ms --- 192.168.0.1 ping statistics --- 3 packets transmitted, 3 received, 0% packet loss, time 28ms rtt min/avg/max/mdev = 0.601/2.693/6.332/2.582 ms ``` | 参数 | 作用 | | ---- | ------------------ | | -c | 总共发送次数 | | -l | 指定网卡名称 | | -i | 每次间隔时间（秒） | | -W | 最长等待时间（秒） | #### **8、tracepath** > ​ *显示数据包达到目的主机途中所经过的路由信息* ``` [root@mingmingxingforcomputer ~]# tracepath www.baidu.com 1?: [LOCALHOST] pmtu 1500 1: _gateway 0.952ms 1: _gateway 0.664ms 2: _gateway 0.567ms pmtu 1492 2: 115.32.24.1 3.276ms 3: no reply 4: no reply 查看自家路由： [root@mingmingxingforcomputer ~]# tracepath 192.168.0.1 1?: [LOCALHOST] pmtu 1500 1: _gateway 0.666ms reached 1: _gateway 0.646ms reached Resume: pmtu 1500 hops 1 back 1 ``` #### **9、netstat** > *显示如网络连接、路由表、接口状态等的网络相关信息* ``` [root@mingmingxingforcomputer ~]# netstat -a Active Internet connections (servers and established) Proto Recv-Q Send-Q Local Address Foreign Address State tcp 0 0 mingmingxingforc:domain 0.0.0.0:* LISTEN tcp 0 0 0.0.0.0:ssh 0.0.0.0:* LISTEN tcp 0 0 localhost:ipp 0.0.0.0:* LISTEN tcp 0 0 localhos:x11-ssh-offset 0.0.0.0:* LISTEN tcp 0 0 0.0.0.0:sunrpc 0.0.0.0:* LISTEN tcp 0 208 mingmingxingforcomp:ssh 192.168.0.9:vrtl-vmf-sa ESTABLISHED ``` ``` [root@mingmingxingforcomputer ~]# netstat -i Kernel Interface table Iface MTU RX-OK RX-ERR RX-DRP RX-OVR TX-OK TX-ERR TX-DRP TX-OVR Flg ens160 1500 6837 0 0 0 2504 0 0 0 BMRU lo 65536 190 0 0 0 190 0 0 0 LRU virbr0 1500 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 BMU ``` #### **10、history** > *显示执行过的命令历史* ``` [root@mingmingxingforcomputer ~]# history | head -n 5 1 history 2 sosreport 3 cd /home/ 4 pwd 5 cd /root ``` #### **11、sosreport** > ​ *收集系统配置及架构信息并输出诊断文档* ``` [root@mingmingxingforcomputer ~]# sosreport sosreport (version 3.6) This command will collect diagnostic and configuration information from this Red Hat Enterprise Linux system and installed applications. An archive containing the collected information will be generated in /var/tmp/sos.r6jscjcn and may be provided to a Red Hat support representative. Any information provided to Red Hat will be treated in accordance with the published support policies at: https://access.redhat.com/support/ The generated archive may contain data considered sensitive and its content should be reviewed by the originating organization before being passed to any third party. No changes will be made to system configuration. Press ENTER to continue, or CTRL-C to quit. Please enter the case id that you are generating this report for []: y Setting up archive ... Setting up plugins ... Running plugins. Please wait ... Finishing plugins [Running: processor] anager] Finished running plugins Creating compressed archive... Your sosreport has been generated and saved in: /var/tmp/sosreport-mingmingxingforcomputer-y-2021-06-26-udermtc.tar.xz The checksum is: 8f5dcd82d59eeb0772bcf32d0688bc78 Please send this file to your support representative. ``` ### 2、定位文件命令 #### **1、pwd** > *显示用户当前所处的工作目录* ``` [root@mingmingxingforcomputer ~]# cd .. [root@mingmingxingforcomputer /]# pwd / [root@mingmingxingforcomputer /]# cd /etc [root@mingmingxingforcomputer etc]# pwd /etc ``` #### **2、cd** > *切换当前的工作路径* ``` [root@mingmingxingforcomputer ~]# cd .. [root@mingmingxingforcomputer /]# pwd / ``` #### **3、ls** > *显示目录中的文件信息* ``` [root@mingmingxingforcomputer etc]# ls adjtime dracut.conf.d krb5.conf.d papersize sgml aliases egl ksmtuned.conf passwd shadow alsa enscript.cfg ld.so.cache passwd- shadow- alternatives environment ld.so.conf pbm2ppa.conf shells ``` | 参数 | 作用 | | ---- | -------------- | | -a | 看到全部文件 | | -l | 查看文件的属性 | #### **4、tree** > *用于以树状图的形式列出目录内容及结构* ``` [root@mingmingxingforcomputer ~]# tree . ├── anaconda-ks.cfg ├── a.txt ├── Desktop ├── Documents ├── Downloads ├── initial-setup-ks.cfg ├── linuxprobe ├── Music ├── Pictures ├── Public ├── Templates └── Videos ``` #### **5、find** > *按照指定条件来查找文件所对应的位置* ``` [root@mingmingxingforcomputer ~]# find / -name passwd /sys/fs/selinux/class/passwd /sys/fs/selinux/class/passwd/perms/passwd /etc/pam.d/passwd /etc/passwd /var/lib/sss/mc/passwd /usr/bin/passwd /usr/share/licenses/passwd /usr/share/doc/passwd /usr/share/bash-completion/completions/passwd ``` > 进阶实验：在整个文件系统中找出所有归属于linuxprobe用户的文件并复制到/root/findresults目录。 > > 该实验的重点是“-exec {} \;”参数，其中的{}表示find命令搜索出的每一个文件，并且命令的结尾必须是“\;”。完成该实验的具体命令如下： > > [root@linuxprobe ~]# find / -user linuxprobe -exec cp -a {} /root/findresults/ \; #### **6、locate** > *按照名称快速搜索文件所对应的位置* > > 使用步骤： > > 1. 生成数据库updatedb > 2. locate 文件名称 ``` [root@mingmingxingforcomputer ~]# updatedb [root@mingmingxingforcomputer ~]# locate whereis /usr/bin/whereis /usr/share/bash-completion/completions/whereis /usr/share/man/man1/whereis.1.gz [root@mingmingxingforcomputer ~]# find / -name whereis /usr/bin/whereis /usr/share/bash-completion/completions/whereis [root@mingmingxingforcomputer ~]# ``` #### **7、whereis** > 用于按照名称快速搜索二进制程序（命令）、源代码以及帮助手册文件所对应的位置 ``` [root@mingmingxingforcomputer ~]# whereis whereis whereis: /usr/bin/whereis /usr/share/man/man1/whereis.1.gz ``` > 简单来说，whereis命令也是基于了上述***updatedb***命令所生成出的索引库文件进行搜索，区别是不关心那些相同名称的文件，仅仅是快速找到对应的命令文件及其帮助文件所在位置。 #### **8、which** > *which命令用于按照指定名称快速搜索二进制程序（命令）所对应的位置* ``` [root@mingmingxingforcomputer ~]# which whereis /usr/bin/whereis ``` | *查询命令* | *查询速度* | 查询准确度 | | ---------- | ---------- | ---------- | | *which* | *1* | 4 | | *whereis* | *2* | 3 | | *locate* | *3* | 2 | | *find* | *4* | 1 | ### 3、文本编辑命令 #### **1、cat** > *用于查看纯文本文件（内容较少的）* ``` [root@mingmingxingforcomputer ~]# cat -n initial-setup-ks.cfg 1 #version=RHEL8 2 # X Window System configuration information 3 xconfig --startxonboot 4 # License agreement 5 eula --agreed 6 # Use graphical install 7 graphical 8 # Network information 9 network --bootproto=dhcp --device=ens160 --onboot=off --ipv6=auto --no-activate 10 network --bootproto=dhcp --hostname=localhost.localdomain 11 repo --name="AppStream" --baseurl=file:///run/install/repo/AppStream 12 ignoredisk --only-use=sda ``` #### **2、more** > *用于查看纯文本文件（内容较多的）* ``` [root@mingmingxingforcomputer ~]# more -n initial-setup-ks.cfg more: unknown option -n Try 'more --help' for more information. [root@mingmingxingforcomputer ~]# more initial-setup-ks.cfg #version=RHEL8 # X Window System configuration information xconfig --startxonboot # License agreement eula --agreed # Use graphical install graphical # Network information network --bootproto=dhcp --device=ens160 --onboot=off --ipv6=auto --no-activate network --bootproto=dhcp --hostname=localhost.localdomain repo --name="AppStream" --baseurl=file:///run/install/repo/AppStream ignoredisk --only-use=sda # Use CDROM installation media cdrom # Run the Setup Agent on first boot firstboot --enable # System services services --disabled="chronyd" # Keyboard layouts keyboard --vckeymap=us --xlayouts='us' # System language lang en_US.UTF-8 --More--(41%) ``` #### **3、head** > *用于查看纯文本文件的前N行* ``` [root@mingmingxingforcomputer ~]# head -n 5 initial-setup-ks.cfg #version=RHEL8 # X Window System configuration information xconfig --startxonboot # License agreement eula --agreed ``` #### **4、tail** > *用于查看纯文本文件的后N行或持续刷新文件的最新内容* ``` [root@mingmingxingforcomputer ~]# tail -n 5 initial-setup-ks.cfg %anaconda pwpolicy root --minlen=6 --minquality=1 --notstrict --nochanges --notempty pwpolicy user --minlen=6 --minquality=1 --notstrict --nochanges --emptyok pwpolicy luks --minlen=6 --minquality=1 --notstrict --nochanges --notempty %end ``` > ***tail持续刷新命令：tail -f /var/log/messages*** ``` [root@mingmingxingforcomputer ~]# tail -f /var/log/messages Jun 26 19:55:22 mingmingxingforcomputer systemd[1]: Starting PackageKit Daemon... Jun 26 19:55:22 mingmingxingforcomputer dbus-daemon[1020]: [system] Successfully activated service 'org.freedesktop.PackageKit' Jun 26 19:55:22 mingmingxingforcomputer systemd[1]: Started PackageKit Daemon. Jun 26 20:08:30 mingmingxingforcomputer systemd[1]: Starting dnf makecache... Jun 26 20:08:30 mingmingxingforcomputer dnf[13946]: Updating Subscription Management repositories. Jun 26 20:08:30 mingmingxingforcomputer dnf[13946]: Unable to read consumer identity Jun 26 20:08:30 mingmingxingforcomputer dnf[13946]: This system is not registered to Red Hat Subscription Management. You can use subscription-manager to register. Jun 26 20:08:30 mingmingxingforcomputer dnf[13946]: Failed determining last makecache time. Jun 26 20:08:30 mingmingxingforcomputer dnf[13946]: There are no enabled repos. Jun 26 20:08:30 mingmingxingforcomputer systemd[1]: Started dnf makecache. …… ``` #### **5、tr** > ***替换文本内容中的字符*** > > **语法格式为：“tr [原始字符] [目标字符]”** ``` [root@mingmingxingforcomputer ~]# tail -n 5 initial-setup-ks.cfg | tr [a-z] [A-Z] %ANACONDA PWPOLICY ROOT --MINLEN=6 --MINQUALITY=1 --NOTSTRICT --NOCHANGES --NOTEMPTY PWPOLICY USER --MINLEN=6 --MINQUALITY=1 --NOTSTRICT --NOCHANGES --EMPTYOK PWPOLICY LUKS --MINLEN=6 --MINQUALITY=1 --NOTSTRICT --NOCHANGES --NOTEMPTY %END ``` #### **6、wc** > ***用于统计指定文本文件的行数、字数或字节数*** > > **语法格式为：“wc [参数] 文件名称”** ``` [root@mingmingxingforcomputer ~]# wc -clw initial-setup-ks.cfg 50 137 1559 initial-setup-ks.cfg ``` #### **7、stat** > ***用于查看文件的具体存储细节和时间等信息*** > > **语法格式为：“stat 文件名称”** ``` [root@mingmingxingforcomputer ~]# stat initial-setup-ks.cfg File: initial-setup-ks.cfg Size: 1559 Blocks: 8 IO Block: 4096 regular file Device: fd00h/64768d Inode: 35268271 Links: 1 Access: (0644/-rw-r--r--) Uid: ( 0/ root) Gid: ( 0/ root) Context: system_u:object_r:admin_home_t:s0 Access: 2021-06-26 19:46:18.231530396 +0800 Modify: 2021-01-04 03:40:00.818112167 +0800 Change: 2021-01-04 03:40:00.818112167 +0800 Birth: - ``` | 状态 | 描述 | | ----------- | ---------------------------- | | Access Time | 最后一次内容被访问的时间 | | Modify Time | 最后一次内容被修改的时间 | | Change Time | 文件属性最后一次被修改的时间 | #### **8、grep** > ***grep命令用于按行提取文本内容*** > > **grep [参数] 文件名称** ``` [root@mingmingxingforcomputer ~]# cat initial-setup-ks.cfg | grep oo xconfig --startxonboot network --bootproto=dhcp --device=ens160 --onboot=off --ipv6=auto --no-activate network --bootproto=dhcp --hostname=localhost.localdomain # Run the Setup Agent on first boot firstboot --enable # Root password rootpw --iscrypted $6$989xgW64eEOskUcc$Oo1jfPK4FIVjw22Fvg5iQxx6mzQ7dw8hqdxjDDbq7LkZYWwB6LGYJfZHZNk6tYnE2HtiGiGhx22L.QK4uqLGe0 # System bootloader configuration bootloader --location=none kexec-tools pwpolicy root --minlen=6 --minquality=1 --notstrict --nochanges --notempty ``` #### **9、cut** > ***cut命令用于按列提取文本内容*** > > **cut [参数] 文件名称** ``` [root@mingmingxingforcomputer ~]# cut -d : -f 1 /etc/passwd root bin daemon adm lp sync shutdown halt mail operator ``` #### **10、diff** > ***diff命令用于比较多个文件之间内容的差异*** > > **diff [参数] 文件名称A 文件名称B** ``` [root@mingmingxingforcomputer ~]# cat a.txt Welcome to linuxprobe.com Red Hat certified Free Linux Lessons Professional guidance Linux Course [root@mingmingxingforcomputer ~]# cat b.txt Welcome tooo linuxprobe.com Red Hat certified Free Linux LeSSonS ////////.....//////// Professional guidance Linux Course [root@mingmingxingforcomputer ~]# diff --brief a.txt b.txt Files a.txt and b.txt differ [root@mingmingxingforcomputer ~]# diff -c a.txt b.txt *** a.txt 2021-06-26 19:54:36.505573424 +0800 --- b.txt 2021-06-26 19:54:59.510575410 +0800 *************** *** 1,5 **** ! Welcome to linuxprobe.com Red Hat certified ! Free Linux Lessons Professional guidance Linux Course --- 1,7 ---- ! Welcome tooo linuxprobe.com ! Red Hat certified ! Free Linux LeSSonS ! ////////.....//////// Professional guidance Linux Course ``` #### **11、uniq** > ***去除查看文件中重复行*** > > **uniq [参数] 文件名称** ``` [root@mingmingxingforcomputer ~]# cat c.txt aaaaaa aaaaaa aaaaaa 1 2 3 4 [root@mingmingxingforcomputer ~]# uniq c.txt aaaaaa 1 2 3 4 ``` #### **12、sort** > ***用于对文本内容进行再排序*** > > **sort [参数] 文件名称** ``` [root@mingmingxingforcomputer ~]# sort -n d.txt 0 12 15 45 78 231 321 [root@mingmingxingforcomputer ~]# cat d.txt 15 231 12 0 45 78 321 ``` ### 总结 ​ **第三课学习命令量很大，需要多练习两遍……不说了，练习去了**