1、 从MySQL的主从复制和读写分离,到ZooKeeper分布式协调服务,再到Kafka消息中间件和Nginx的代理功能,此功能主要同步各个主机之间的配置文件和一些重要的信息,方便运维人员不用再从每个机器上来更改信息,只需要注册了监听机器IP就能实现同步。
2、Kafka消息中间件主要是为了防止消息锁死,方便用户随用随取。
3、Nginx在本章主要实现了代理作用,其实Nginx的功能很多,譬如负载均衡、web服务、缓存等,现在很多企业都在使用这个Nginx服务。
4、最后,介绍了Zabbix这个监控开源平台,该平台主要方便运维人员及时发现服务器问题和解决问题。
① 数据分布(Data distribution) ② 负载平衡(load balancing) ③ 备份(Backups) ④ 高可用性和容错行(High availability and failover)
① Master将改变记录到二进制日志(binary log)中,这些记录叫做二进制日志事件(binary log events); ② Slave将master的binary log events拷贝到它的中继日志(relay log); ③ Slave重做中继日志中的事件,将改变反映它自己的数据。
复制概述
MySQL内建的复制功能是构建大型、高性能应用程序的基础。
1、将MySQL的数据分布到多个系统上去,这种分布的机制,是通过将MySQL的某一台主机的数据复制到其它主机(slave)上,并重新执行一遍来实现的。
2、复制过程中一个服务器充当主服务器,而一个或多个其它服务器充当从服务器。主服务器将更新写入二进制日志文件,并维护文件的一个索引来跟踪日志循环。这些日志可以记录发送到从服务器的更新。
3、当一个从服务器连接主服务器时,它通知主服务器和从服务器在日志中读取最后一次成功更新的位置。从服务器接收从那时起发生的任何更新,然后封锁并等待主服务器通知新的更新。
规划节点
IP | 主机名 | 节点 |
---|---|---|
10.30.59.205 | db1 | MariaDB数据库集群主节点 |
10.30.59.215 | db2 | MariaDB数据库集群从节点 |
10.30.59.222 | mycat | Mycat中间件服务节点 |
2台虚拟机db1和db2部署MariaDB数据库服务,搭建主从数据库集群;一台作为主节点,负责写入数据库信息;另一台作为从节点,负责读取数据库信息。
使用一台虚拟机部署Mycat数据库中间件服务,将用户提交的读写操作识别分发给相应的数据库节点。这样将用户的访问操作、数据库的读与写操作分给3台主机,只有数据库集群的主节点接收增、删、改SQL语句,从节点接收查询语句,分担了主节点的查询压力。
修改主机名
[root@localhost ~]# hostnamectl set-hostname mycat [root@localhost ~]# bash [root@mycat ~]# [root@localhost ~]# hostnamectl set-hostname db1 [root@localhost ~]# bash [root@db1 ~]# [root@localhost ~]# hostnamectl set-hostname db2 [root@localhost ~]# bash [root@db2 ~]#
编辑hosts文件(在所有节点)
[root@db1 ~]# vi /etc/hosts 10.30.59.205 db1 10.30.59.215 db2 10.30.59.222 mycat
secureFX上传文件(所有节点)
[root@mycat ~]# ll total 326660 -rw-------. 1 root root 1260 Mar 29 23:35 anaconda-ks.cfg -rw-r--r--. 1 root root 318829093 Jun 18 11:01 gpmall-repo.tar.gz -rw-r--r--. 1 root root 15662280 Jun 18 10:14 Mycat-server-1.6-RELEASE-20161028204710-linux .tar.gz [root@db1 ~]# mv gpmall-repo.tar.gz /opt [root@db1 ~]# cd /opt [root@db1 ~]# ll [root@db1 ~]# yum install -y unzip [root@db1 ~]# unzip gpmall-repo.tar.gz
配置Yum安装源(所有节点)
[root@db1 ~]# cd /etc/yum.repos.d/ [root@db1 yum.repos.d]# ll total 32 -rw-r--r--. 1 root root 1664 Apr 29 2018 CentOS-Base.repo -rw-r--r--. 1 root root 1309 Apr 29 2018 CentOS-CR.repo -rw-r--r--. 1 root root 649 Apr 29 2018 CentOS-Debuginfo.repo -rw-r--r--. 1 root root 314 Apr 29 2018 CentOS-fasttrack.repo -rw-r--r--. 1 root root 630 Apr 29 2018 CentOS-Media.repo -rw-r--r--. 1 root root 1331 Apr 29 2018 CentOS-Sources.repo -rw-r--r--. 1 root root 4768 Apr 29 2018 CentOS-Vault.repo [root@db1 yum.repos.d]# mv /etc/yum.repos.d/C* /media/ [root@db1 yum.repos.d]# mkdir /opt/cdrom [root@db1 yum.repos.d]# mount /dev/cdrom /opt/cdrom mount: /dev/sr0 is write-protected, mounting read-only [root@db1 yum.repos.d]# vi /etc/yum.repos.d/local.repo [mariadb] name=mariadb baseurl=file:///opt/gpmall-repo gpgcheck=0 enabled=1 [cdrom] 本地yum源 name=cdrom baseurl=file:///opt/cdrom gpgcheck=0 enabled=1 [root@db1 yum.repos.d]# yum clean all [root@db1 yum.repos.d]# yum repolist 关闭防火墙(所有节点) [root@db1 ~]# systemctl stop firewalld [root@db1 ~]# systemctl disable firewalld Removed symlink /etc/systemd/system/multi-user.target.wants/firewalld.service. Removed symlink /etc/systemd/system/dbus-org.fedoraproject.FirewallD1.service. [root@db1 ~]# setenforce 0 [root@db1 ~]# iptables -F [root@db1 ~]# iptables -X [root@db1 ~]# iptables -Z [root@db1 ~]# iptables-save
配置 ftp 连接另两个节点(在db1节点)
[root@db1 ~]# yum install -y vsftpd [root@db1 ~]# vim /etc/vsftpd/vsftpd.conf anon_root=/opt 添加此段 [root@db1 ~]# systemctl start vsftpd [root@db1 ~]# systemctl enable vsftpd
配置 ftp 连接另两个节点(在db2节点)
[root@db2 yum.repos.d]# curl ftp://10.30.59.205 -rw-r--r-- 1 0 0 15662280 Jun 18 02:14 Mycat-server-1.6-RELEASE-20161028204710-linux .tar.gz drwxr-xr-x 8 0 0 2048 May 03 2018 cdrom drwxr-xr-x 5 0 0 53 Nov 21 2020 gpmall-repo [root@db2 yum.repos.d]# vi ftp.repo [cdrom] name=cdrom baseurl=ftp://10.30.59.205/cdrom gpgcheck=0 enabled=1 [gpmall] name=gpmall baseurl=ftp://10.30.59.205/gpmall-repo gpgcheck=0 enabled=1 [root@db2 yum.repos.d]# yum clean all [root@db2 yum.repos.d]# yum repolist Loaded plugins: fastestmirror Loading mirror speeds from cached hostfile gpmall | 2.9 kB 00:00:00 mariadb | 3.6 kB 00:00:00 (1/3): mariadb/group_gz | 166 kB 00:00:00 (2/3): gpmall/primary_db | 144 kB 00:00:00 (3/3): mariadb/primary_db | 3.1 MB 00:00:00 repo id repo name status gpmall gpmall 165 mariadb mariadb 3,971 repolist: 4,136
安装JDK环境(在mycat安装)
[root@mycat ~]# yum install -y java-1.8.0-openjdk java-1.8.0-devel [root@mycat ~]# java -version openjdk version "1.8.0_222" OpenJDK Runtime Environment (build 1.8.0_222-b10) OpenJDK 64-Bit Server VM (build 25.222-b10, mixed mode)
关闭防火墙(所有节点)
[root@db2 ~]# iptables -F [root@db2 ~]# iptables -X [root@db2 ~]# iptables -Z [root@db2 ~]# iptables-save # Generated by iptables-save v1.4.21 on Mon Jun 21 18:06:56 2021 *filter :INPUT ACCEPT [21:1648] :FORWARD ACCEPT [0:0] :OUTPUT ACCEPT [11:1012] COMMIT # Completed on Mon Jun 21 18:06:56 2021
安装MariaDB服务(db1和db2节点)
[root@db1 ~]# yum install -y mariadb mariadb-server [root@db1 ~]# systemctl start mariadb 启动MariaDB服务 [root@db1 ~]# systemctl enable mariadb 开机自启
初始化MariaDB数据库(在db1节点)
[root@db1 ~]# mysql_secure_installation Enter current password for root (enter for none): 默按回车 OK, successfully used password, moving on... Set root password? [Y/n] y New password: 输入密码 Re-enter new password: Password updated successfully! 默按 y---n---y---y
修改数据库配置文件my.cnf (在db1 主节点上)
[root@db1 ~]# vi /etc/my.cnf 添加以下内容 [mysqld] log_bin = mysql-bin #记录操作日志 binlog_ignore_db = mysql #不同步MySQL系统数据库 server_id = 205 #数据库集群中的每个节点id都要不同,一般使用IP地址的最后段的数字,例如172.16.51.18,server_id就写18 datadir=/var/lib/mysql socket=/var/lib/mysql/mysql.sock # Disabling symbolic-links is recommended to prevent as sorted security risks symbolic-links=0 [mysqld_safe] log-error=/var/log/mariadb/mariadb.log pid-file=/var/run/mariadb/mariadb.pid 重启数据库 [root@db1 ~]# systemctl restart mariadb
开放主节点的数据库权限(在db1节点)
[root@db1 ~]# mysql -uroot -p000000 MariaDB [(none)]> grant all privileges on *.* to root@'%' identified by "000000"; Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.007 sec) MariaDB [(none)]> grant replication slave on *.* to 'user'@'db2' identified by '000000'; Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.002 sec)
配置从节点db2同步主节点db1(在db2节点)
[root@db2 ~]# mysql -uroot -p000000 MariaDB [(none)]> change master to master_host='db1',master_user='user',master_password='000000'; Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.026 sec) MariaDB [(none)]> start slave; Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.002 sec) MariaDB [(none)]> show slave status\G *************************** 1. row *************************** Slave_IO_State: Waiting for master to send event Master_Host: db1 Master_User: user Master_Port: 3306 Connect_Retry: 60 Master_Log_File: mysql-bin.000001 Read_Master_Log_Pos: 701 Relay_Log_File: db2-relay-bin.000002 Relay_Log_Pos: 1000 Relay_Master_Log_File: mysql-bin.000001 Slave_IO_Running: Yes Slave_SQL_Running: Yes Replicate_Do_DB: Replicate_Ignore_DB: Replicate_Do_Table: Replicate_Ignore_Table: Replicate_Wild_Do_Table: Replicate_Wild_Ignore_Table: Last_Errno: 0 Last_Error: Skip_Counter: 0 Exec_Master_Log_Pos: 701 Relay_Log_Space: 1307 Until_Condition: None Until_Log_File: Until_Log_Pos: 0 Master_SSL_Allowed: No Master_SSL_CA_File: Master_SSL_CA_Path: Master_SSL_Cert: Master_SSL_Cipher: Master_SSL_Key: Seconds_Behind_Master: 0 Master_SSL_Verify_Server_Cert: No Last_IO_Errno: 0 Last_IO_Error: Last_SQL_Errno: 0 Last_SQL_Error: Replicate_Ignore_Server_Ids: Master_Server_Id: 205 Master_SSL_Crl: Master_SSL_Crlpath: Using_Gtid: No Gtid_IO_Pos: Replicate_Do_Domain_Ids: Replicate_Ignore_Domain_Ids: Parallel_Mode: conservative SQL_Delay: 0 SQL_Remaining_Delay: NULL Slave_SQL_Running_State: Slave has read all relay log; waiting for the slave I/O thread to update it Slave_DDL_Groups: 2 Slave_Non_Transactional_Groups: 0 Slave_Transactional_Groups: 0 1 row in set (0.001 sec) 如果Slave_IO_Running和Slave_SQL_Running的状态都为YES,则从节点服务开启成功。 ERROR: No query specified 出现此错误的原因是因为执行命令:show slave status\G;的时候,多加了一个“;”分号
验证主从数据库的同步功能(在db2节点)
MariaDB [(none)]> create database test; 创建库test Query OK, 1 row affected (0.001 sec) MariaDB [(none)]> show databases; 查看库test +--------------------+ | Database | +--------------------+ | information_schema | | mysql | | performance_schema | | test | +--------------------+ 4 rows in set (0.002 sec) MariaDB [(none)]> use test Database changed MariaDB [test]> create table company(id int not null primary key,name varchar(50),addr varchar(255)); 在库test中创建表company Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.010 sec) MariaDB [test]> insert into company values(1,"facebook","usa"); 插入表数据 Query OK, 1 row affected (0.003 sec) MariaDB [test]> select * from company; 查看表company数据 +----+----------+------+ | id | name | addr | +----+----------+------+ | 1 | facebook | usa | +----+----------+------+ 1 row in set (0.001 sec)
查看db2的数据库(在db2节点)
MariaDB [(none)]> show databases; +--------------------+ | Database | +--------------------+ | information_schema | | mysql | | performance_schema | | test | +--------------------+ 4 rows in set (0.002 sec) MariaDB [test]> select * from company; +----+----------+------+ | id | name | addr | +----+----------+------+ | 1 | facebook | usa | +----+----------+------+ 1 row in set (0.001 sec)
安装Mycat服务
[root@mycat ~]# tar -zxvf Mycat-server-1.6-RELEASE-20161028204710-linux.tar.gz -C /usr/local/ [root@mycat ~]# chown -R 777 /usr/local/mycat/ 赋予目录权限 添加Mycat服务的系统变量 [root@mycat ~]# echo export MYCAT_HOME=/usr/local/mycat/ >> /etc/profile [root@mycat ~]# source /etc/profile 生效变量
编辑Mycat的逻辑库配置文件
[root@mycat ~]# vim /usr/local/mycat/conf/schema.xml 可以直接删除原来schema.xml的内容,替换为如下: <?xml version="1.0"?> <!DOCTYPE mycat:schema SYSTEM "schema.dtd"> <mycat:schema xmlns:mycat="http://io.mycat/"> <schema name="USERDB" checkSQLschema="true" sqlMaxLimi t="100" dataNode="dn1"></schema> <dataNode name="dn1" dataHost="localhost1" database="t t" /> <dataHost name="localhost1" maxCon="1000" minCon="10" balance="3" dbType="mysql" dbDriver="native" writeType ="0" switchType="1" slaveThreshold="100"> <heartbeat>select user()</heartbeat> <writeHost host="hostM1" url="10.30.59.205:3306" u ser="root" password="000000"> IP需要修改成实际的IP地址 <readHost host="hostS1" url="10.30.59.215:3306 " user="root" password="000000" /> </writeHost> </dataHost> </mycat:schema>
修改配置文件权限
[root@mycat ~]# chown root:root /usr/local/mycat/conf/schema.xml
编辑mycat的访问用户
[root@mycat ~]# vim /usr/local/mycat/conf/server.xml 在配置文件的最后部分,删除如下几行: <user name="user"> <property name="password">user</property> <property name="schemas">TESTDB</property> <property name="readOnly">true</property> </user> 在配置文件的最后部分进行修改: <user name="root"> <property name="password">123456</property> 修改root用户的访问密码与数据库 <property name="schemas">USERDB</property> 访问Mycat的逻辑库为USERDB
启动Mycat服务
[root@mycat ~]# /bin/bash /usr/local/mycat/bin/mycat start 启动Mycat数据库中间件服务 Starting Mycat-server... [root@mycat ~]# yum install -y net-tools [root@mycat ~]# netstat -lntp Active Internet connections (only servers) Proto Recv-Q Send-Q Local Address Foreign Address State PID/Program name tcp 0 0 127.0.0.1:32000 0.0.0.0:* LISTEN 12303/java tcp 0 0 0.0.0.0:22 0.0.0.0:* LISTEN 1075/sshd tcp 0 0 127.0.0.1:25 0.0.0.0:* LISTEN 1321/master tcp6 0 0 :::1984 :::* LISTEN 12303/java tcp6 0 0 :::8066 :::* LISTEN 12303/java tcp6 0 0 :::32776 :::* LISTEN 12303/java tcp6 0 0 :::9066 :::* LISTEN 12303/java tcp6 0 0 :::41839 :::* LISTEN 12303/java tcp6 0 0 :::22 :::* LISTEN 1075/sshd tcp6 0 0 ::1:25 :::* LISTEN 1321/master 如果有开放8066和9066端口,则表示Mycat服务开启成功
用Mycat服务查询数据库信息
[root@mycat ~]# yum install -y MariaDB-client
查看Mycat服务的逻辑库USERDB
因为Mycat的逻辑库USERDB对应数据库test(在部署主从数据库时已安装),所以可以查看库中已经创建的表company
[root@mycat ~]# mysql -h127.0.0.1 -P8066 -uroot -p000000 MySQL [(none)]> show databases; 查看库 +----------+ | DATABASE | +----------+ | USERDB | +----------+ 1 row in set (0.004 sec) MySQL [(none)]> use USERDB Reading table information for completion of table and column names You can turn off this feature to get a quicker startup with -A Database changed MySQL [USERDB]> MySQL [USERDB]> show tables; 查看tables表 +----------------+ | Tables_in_test | +----------------+ | company | +----------------+ 1 row in set (0.003 sec) MySQL [USERDB]> select * from company; 查看表信息 +----+----------+------+ | id | name | addr | +----+----------+------+ | 1 | facebook | usa | +----+----------+------+ 1 row in set (0.048 sec)
用Mycat服务添加表数据
使用mysql命令对表company添加一条数据(2,“basketball”,“usa”),添加完毕后查看表信息
MySQL [USERDB]> insert into company values(2,"bastetball","usa"); Query OK, 1 row affected (0.009 sec) MySQL [USERDB]> select * from company; 查看表信息 +----+------------+------+ | id | name | addr | +----+------------+------+ | 1 | facebook | usa | | 2 | bastetball | usa | +----+------------+------+ 2 rows in set (0.002 sec) MySQL [USERDB]> Ctrl-C -- exit! Aborted
验证Mycat服务对数据库读写操作分离
1、使用mysql命令,通过9066端口查询对数据库读写操作的分离信息。
2、可以看到所有的写入操作WRITE_LOAD数都在db1主数据库节点上,所有的读取操作READ_LOAD数都在db2主数据库节点上。
3、由此可见,数据库读写操作已经分离到db1和db2节点上了
[root@mycat ~]# mysql -h127.0.0.1 -P9066 -uroot -p000000 -e 'show @@datasource;' +----------+--------+-------+--------------+------+------+--------+------+------+---------+-----------+------------+ | DATANODE | NAME | TYPE | HOST | PORT | W/R | ACTIVE | IDLE | SIZE | EXECUTE | READ_LOAD | WRITE_LOAD | +----------+--------+-------+--------------+------+------+--------+------+------+---------+-----------+------------+ | dn1 | hostM1 | mysql | 10.30.59.205 | 3306 | W | 0 | 10 | 1000 | 80 | 0 | 1 | | dn1 | hostS1 | mysql | 10.30.59.215 | 3306 | R | 0 | 7 | 1000 | 79 | 4 | 0 | +----------+--------+-------+--------------+------+------+--------+------+------+---------+-----------+------------+
Mycat读写分离数据库案例完成