在平常的代码中,我们常常需要与时间打交道。在Python中,与时间处理有关的模块就包括:time,datetime,calendar(很少用,不讲),下面分别来介绍。
在开始之前,首先要说明几点:
一、在Python中,通常有这几种方式来表示时间:
二、几个定义
UTC(Coordinated Universal Time,世界协调时)亦即格林威治天文时间,世界标准时间。在中国为UTC+8。DST(Daylight Saving Time)即夏令时。
时间戳(timestamp)的方式:通常来说,时间戳表示的是从1970年1月1日00:00:00开始按秒计算的偏移量。我们运行“type(time.time())”,返回的是float类型。
元组(struct_time)方式:struct_time元组共有9个元素,返回struct_time的函数主要有gmtime(),localtime(),strptime()。下面列出这种方式元组中的几个元素:
索引(Index) 属性(Attribute) 值(Values) 0 tm_year(年) 比如2011 1 tm_mon(月) 1 - 12 2 tm_mday(日) 1 - 31 3 tm_hour(时) 0 - 23 4 tm_min(分) 0 - 59 5 tm_sec(秒) 0 - 61 6 tm_wday(weekday) 0 - 6(0表示周日) 7 tm_yday(一年中的第几天) 1 - 366 8 tm_isdst(是否是夏令时) 默认为-1
time.strftime(format[, t]):把一个代表时间的元组或者struct_time(如由time.localtime()和time.gmtime()返回)转化为格式化的时间字符串。如果t未指定,将传入time.localtime()。
time.strptime(string[, format]):把一个格式化时间字符串转化为struct_time。实际上它和strftime()是逆操作。
字符串转时间格式对应表 Meaning Notes %a Locale’s abbreviated weekday name. %A Locale’s full weekday name. %b Locale’s abbreviated month name. %B Locale’s full month name. %c Locale’s appropriate date and time representation. %d Day of the month as a decimal number [01,31]. %H Hour (24-hour clock) as a decimal number [00,23]. %I Hour (12-hour clock) as a decimal number [01,12]. %j Day of the year as a decimal number [001,366]. %m Month as a decimal number [01,12]. %M Minute as a decimal number [00,59]. %p Locale’s equivalent of either AM or PM. (1) %S Second as a decimal number [00,61]. (2) %U Week number of the year (Sunday as the first day of the week) as a decimal number [00,53]. All days in a new year preceding the first Sunday are considered to be in week 0. (3) %w Weekday as a decimal number [0(Sunday),6]. %W Week number of the year (Monday as the first day of the week) as a decimal number [00,53]. All days in a new year preceding the first Monday are considered to be in week 0. (3) %x Locale’s appropriate date representation. %X Locale’s appropriate time representation. %y Year without century as a decimal number [00,99]. %Y Year with century as a decimal number. %z Time zone offset indicating a positive or negative time difference from UTC/GMT of the form +HHMM or -HHMM, where H represents decimal hour digits and M represents decimal minute digits [-23:59, +23:59]. %Z Time zone name (no characters if no time zone exists). %% A literal '%' character.
最后为了容易记住转换关系,看下图
相比于time模块,datetime模块的接口则更直观、更容易调用
datetime模块定义了下面这几个类:
我们需要记住的方法仅以下几个:
1.d=datetime.datetime.now() 返回当前的datetime日期类型 d.timestamp(),d.today(), d.year,d.timetuple()等方法可以调用 2.datetime.date.fromtimestamp(322222) 把一个时间戳转为datetime日期类型 3.时间运算 >>> datetime.datetime.now() datetime.datetime(2017, 10, 1, 12, 53, 11, 821218) >>> datetime.datetime.now() + datetime.timedelta(4) #当前时间 +4天 datetime.datetime(2017, 10, 5, 12, 53, 35, 276589) >>> datetime.datetime.now() + datetime.timedelta(hours=4) #当前时间+4小时 datetime.datetime(2017, 10, 1, 16, 53, 42, 876275) 4.时间替换 >>> d.replace(year=2999,month=11,day=30) datetime.date(2999, 11, 30)