版本说明
Java:1.8
JUnit:5.x
Mokito:3.x
H2:1.4.200
spring-boot-starter-test:2.3.9.RELEASE
前言:通常任何软件都会划分为不同的模块和组件。单独测试一个组件时,我们叫做单元测试。单元测试用于验证相关的一小段代码是否正常工作。
单元测试不验证应用程序代码是否和外部依赖正常工作。它聚焦与单个组件并且 Mock 所有和它交互的依赖。
集成测试主要用于发现用户端到端请求时不同模块交互产生的问题。
集成测试范围可以是整个应用程序,也可以是一个单独的模块,取决于要测试什么。
典型的 Spring boot CRUD 应用程序,单元测试可以分别用于测试控制器(Controller)层、DAO 层等。它不需要任何嵌入服务,例如:Tomcat、Jetty、Undertow。
在集成测试中,我们应该聚焦于从控制器层到持久层的完整请求。应用程序应该运行嵌入服务(例如:Tomcat)以创建应用程序上下文和所有 bean。这些 bean 有的可能会被 Mock 覆盖。
单元测试的动机,单元测试不是用于发现应用程序范围内的 bug,或者回归测试的 bug,而是分别检测每个代码片段。
几个要点
Gradle 引入
plugins { id 'java' id "org.springframework.boot" version "2.3.9.RELEASE" id 'org.jetbrains.kotlin.jvm' version '1.4.32' } apply from: 'config.gradle' apply from: file('compile.gradle') group rootProject.ext.projectDes.group version rootProject.ext.projectDes.version repositories { mavenCentral() } dependencies { implementation rootProject.ext.dependenciesMap["lombok"] annotationProcessor rootProject.ext.dependenciesMap["lombok"] implementation rootProject.ext.dependenciesMap["commons-lang3"] implementation rootProject.ext.dependenciesMap["mybatis-plus"] implementation rootProject.ext.dependenciesMap["spring-boot-starter-web"] implementation rootProject.ext.dependenciesMap["mysql-connector"] implementation rootProject.ext.dependenciesMap["druid"] testImplementation group: 'org.springframework.boot', name: 'spring-boot-starter-test', version: '2.3.9.RELEASE' testImplementation rootProject.ext.dependenciesMap["h2"] implementation "org.jetbrains.kotlin:kotlin-stdlib-jdk8" } test { useJUnitPlatform() }
引入 spring-boot-starter-test
做为测试框架。该框架已经包含了 JUnit5 和 Mokito 。
工程结构
Domain 中定义 student 对象。
@Data @AllArgsConstructor public class Student { public Student() { this.createTime = LocalDateTime.now(); } /** * 学生唯一标识 */ @TableId(type = AUTO) private Integer id; /** * 学生名称 */ private String name; /** * 学生地址 */ private String address; private LocalDateTime createTime; private LocalDateTime updateTime; }
Service 层定义 student 增加和检索的能力。
public interface StudentService extends IService<Student> { /** * 创建学生 * <p> * 验证学生名称不能为空 * 验证学生地址不能为空 * * @param dto 创建学生传输模型 * @throws BizException.ArgumentNullException 无效的参数,学生姓名和学生住址不能为空 */ void create(CreateStudentDto dto) throws BizException.ArgumentNullException; /** * 检索学生信息 * * @param id 学生信息 ID * @return 学生信息 * @throws DbException.InvalidPrimaryKeyException 无效的主键异常 */ StudentVo retrieve(Integer id) throws DbException.InvalidPrimaryKeyException; }
Service 实现,单元测试针对该实现进行测试。
@Service public class StudentServiceImpl extends ServiceImpl<StudentRepository, Student> implements StudentService { private final Mapper mapper; public StudentServiceImpl(Mapper mapper) { this.mapper = mapper; } @Override public void create(CreateStudentDto dto) throws BizException.ArgumentNullException { if (stringNotEmptyPredicate.test(dto.getName())) { throw new BizException.ArgumentNullException("学生名称不能为空,不能创建学生"); } if (stringNotEmptyPredicate.test(dto.getAddress())) { throw new BizException.ArgumentNullException("学生住址不能为空,不能创建学生"); } Student student = mapper.map(dto, Student.class); save(student); } @Override public StudentVo retrieve(Integer id) throws DbException.InvalidPrimaryKeyException { if (integerLessZeroPredicate.test(id)) { throw new DbException.InvalidPrimaryKeyException("无效的主键,主键不能为空"); } Student student = getById(id); return mapper.map(student, StudentVo.class); } }
创建单元测试,Mock 一切。
class StudentServiceImplTest { @Spy @InjectMocks private StudentServiceImpl studentService; @Mock private Mapper mapper; @Mock private StudentRepository studentRepository; @BeforeEach public void setUp() { MockitoAnnotations.initMocks(this); } @Test public void testCreateStudent_NullName_ShouldThrowException() { CreateStudentDto createStudentDto = new CreateStudentDto("", "一些测试地址"); String msg = Assertions.assertThrows(BizException.ArgumentNullException.class, () -> studentService.create(createStudentDto)).getMessage(); String expected = "学生名称不能为空,不能创建学生"; Assertions.assertEquals(expected, msg); } @Test public void testCreateStudent_NullAddress_ShouldThrowException() { CreateStudentDto createStudentDto = new CreateStudentDto("小明", ""); String msg = Assertions.assertThrows(BizException.ArgumentNullException.class, () -> studentService.create(createStudentDto)).getMessage(); String expected = "学生住址不能为空,不能创建学生"; Assertions.assertEquals(expected, msg); } @Test public void testCreateStudent_ShouldPass() throws BizException.ArgumentNullException { CreateStudentDto createStudentDto = new CreateStudentDto("小明", "住址测试"); when(studentService.getBaseMapper()).thenReturn(studentRepository); when(studentRepository.insert(any(Student.class))).thenReturn(1); Student student = new Student(); when(mapper.map(createStudentDto, Student.class)).thenReturn(student); studentService.create(createStudentDto); } @Test public void testRetrieve_NullId_ShouldThrowException() { String msg = Assertions.assertThrows(DbException.InvalidPrimaryKeyException.class, () -> studentService.retrieve(null)).getMessage(); String expected = "无效的主键,主键不能为空"; Assertions.assertEquals(expected, msg); } @Test public void testRetrieve_ShouldPass() throws DbException.InvalidPrimaryKeyException { when(studentService.getBaseMapper()).thenReturn(studentRepository); Integer studentId = 1; String studentName = "小明"; String studentAddress = "学生地址"; LocalDateTime createTime = LocalDateTime.now(); LocalDateTime updateTime = LocalDateTime.now(); Student student = new Student(studentId, studentName, studentAddress, createTime, updateTime); when(studentRepository.selectById(studentId)).thenReturn(student); StudentVo studentVo = new StudentVo(studentId, studentName, studentAddress, createTime, updateTime); when(mapper.map(student, StudentVo.class)).thenReturn(studentVo); StudentVo studentVoReturn = studentService.retrieve(studentId); Assertions.assertEquals(studentId, studentVoReturn.getId()); Assertions.assertEquals(studentName, studentVoReturn.getName()); Assertions.assertEquals(studentAddress, studentVoReturn.getAddress()); Assertions.assertEquals(createTime, studentVoReturn.getCreateTime()); Assertions.assertEquals(updateTime, studentVoReturn.getUpdateTime()); } }
StudentServiceImpl
被标注为 @InjectMocks 对象,所以 Mokito 将为 StudentServiceImpl
创建 Mock 对象,并依赖注入 Mapper
和 StudentRepository
对象。结果
我们把集成测试集中在 Controller 层。
创建 Controller ,语法使用了 Kotlin ????,提供 Create 和 Reitreve 能力。
@RestController @RequestMapping("student") class StudentController(private val studentService: StudentService) { /** * 创建学生 * 添加一条学生记录到数据库中 * * @param createStudentDto 创建学生传输模型 */ @PostMapping("create") fun create(@RequestBody createStudentDto: CreateStudentDto?): Result<String> = try { studentService.create(createStudentDto) Result.success("创建成功") } catch (e: ArgumentNullException) { e.printStackTrace() Result.failure(e.message) } /** * 检索学生信息 * * @param id 学生唯一标识 * @return 学生信息 */ @GetMapping("retrieve") fun retrieve(id: Int?): Result<StudentVo> = try { val studentVo = studentService.retrieve(id) Result.success(studentVo) } catch (e: InvalidPrimaryKeyException) { e.printStackTrace() Result.failure(e.message) } }
配置 H2 为数据源。并通过 schema.sql 创建 table,student_data.sql 初始化数据。
@TestConfiguration public class ToyTestConfiguration { @Bean DataSource createDataSource() { return new EmbeddedDatabaseBuilder() .generateUniqueName(true) .setType(EmbeddedDatabaseType.H2) .setScriptEncoding("UTF-8") .ignoreFailedDrops(true) .addScript("schema.sql") .addScript("student_data.sql") .build(); } }
schema.sql
create table if not exists student ( id INTEGER(64) PRIMARY KEY AUTO_INCREMENT, name varchar(20) null, address varchar(200) null, create_time datetime null, update_time datetime null );
student_data.sql
INSERT INTO student (id, name, address, create_time, update_time) VALUES (1, '小明', '一些测试地址', now(), now());
集成测试
@Import(ToyTestConfiguration.class) @SpringBootTest(classes = ToyTestApplication.class, webEnvironment = SpringBootTest.WebEnvironment.RANDOM_PORT) public class StudentControllerTest { @LocalServerPort private int port; @Autowired DataSource datasource; @Autowired private TestRestTemplate restTemplate; @Test public void testCreateStudent_ShouldPass() { CreateStudentDto createStudentDto = new CreateStudentDto("小明", "住址测试"); ResponseEntity<Result> responseEntity = restTemplate.postForEntity("http://localhost:" + port + "/student/create", createStudentDto, Result.class); Assertions.assertNotNull(responseEntity.getBody()); Assertions.assertTrue(responseEntity.getBody().getSucceeded()); } @Test public void testRetrieveStudent_ShouldPass() { ResponseEntity<Result> responseEntity = restTemplate.getForEntity("http://localhost:" + port + "/student/retrieve?id=1", Result.class); Assertions.assertNotNull(responseEntity.getBody()); Assertions.assertTrue(responseEntity.getBody().getSucceeded()); } }
结果
Github 源码