mysql null,null与count
要尽可能地把字段定义为 NOT NULL,即使应用程序无须保存 NULL(没有值),也有许多表包含了可空列(Nullable Column)
这仅仅是因为它为默认选项。除非真的要保存 NULL,否则就把列定义为 NOT NULLMySQL难以优化引用了可空列的查询,它会使索引、索引统计和值更加复杂。
可空列需要更多的储存空间,还需要在MySQL内部进行特殊处理。当可空列被索引的时候,
每条记录都需要一个额外的字节,还可能导致 MyISAM 中固定大小的索引(例如一个整数列上的索引)变成可变大小的索引。
即使要在表中储存「没有值」的字段,还是有可能不使用 NULL 的,考虑使用 0、特殊值或空字符串来代替它。
把 NULL 列改为 NOT NULL 带来的性能提升很小,所以除非确定它引入了问题,否则就不要把它当作优先的优化措施。
然后,如果计划对列进行索引,就要尽量避免把它设置为可空,虽然在mysql里 Null值的列也是走索引的
mysql> SELECT 1 IS NULL, 1 IS NOT NULL;+-----------+---------------+| 1 IS NULL | 1 IS NOT NULL |+-----------+---------------+| 0 | 1 |+-----------+---------------+1 row in setmysql> SELECT 0 IS NULL, 0 IS NOT NULL, '' IS NULL, '' IS NOT NULL;+-----------+---------------+------------+----------------+| 0 IS NULL | 0 IS NOT NULL | '' IS NULL | '' IS NOT NULL |+-----------+---------------+------------+----------------+| 0 | 1 | 0 | 1 |+-----------+---------------+------------+----------------+
测试
CREATE TABLE `test_null` ( `id` int(11) DEFAULT NULL, `mark` varchar(20) DEFAULT NULL) ENGINE=InnoDB DEFAULT CHARSET=utf8;create procedure test_null(in num int)BEGINDECLARE i int; set i=1; while (i<num) DO if mod(i,10)!=0 then insert into test_null values (i,concat('aaa',i)); else insert into test_null values (null,concat('aaa',i)); end if;set i=i+1; END while; END; call test_null(10000);
mysql> select count(*) from test_null;+----------+| count(*) |+----------+| 9999 |+----------+没加任何索引时 mysql> explain SELECT * from test_null WHERE id is null;+----+-------------+-----------+------------+------+---------------+------+---------+------+-------+----------+-------------+| id | select_type | table | partitions | type | possible_keys | key | key_len | ref | rows | filtered | Extra |+----+-------------+-----------+------------+------+---------------+------+---------+------+-------+----------+-------------+| 1 | SIMPLE | test_null | NULL | ALL | NULL | NULL | NULL | NULL | 10105 | 10 | Using where |+----+-------------+-----------+------------+------+---------------+------+---------+------+-------+----------+-------------+在id上加普通索引create index idx_test_null on test_null(id); mysql> explain SELECT * from test_null WHERE id is null;+----+-------------+-----------+------------+------+---------------+---------------+---------+-------+------+----------+-----------------------+| id | select_type | table | partitions | type | possible_keys | key | key_len | ref | rows | filtered | Extra |+----+-------------+-----------+------------+------+---------------+---------------+---------+-------+------+----------+-----------------------+| 1 | SIMPLE | test_null | NULL | ref | idx_test_null | idx_test_null | 5 | const | 999 | 100 | Using index condition |+----+-------------+-----------+------------+------+---------------+---------------+---------+-------+------+----------+-----------------------+null值也是走索引的
null在count统计时时的问题
create table test (id int,val int); INSERT INTO `test` VALUES ('1', '11');INSERT INTO `test` VALUES ('1', '111');INSERT INTO `test` VALUES ('2', '2');INSERT INTO `test` VALUES ('2', '22');INSERT INTO `test` VALUES ('2', '222');
1条语句统计id=1,id=2的个数
一般错误写法
select count(id=1) ,count(id=2) from test;
mysql> select count(id=1) ,count(id=2) from test;+-------------+-------------+| count(id=1) | count(id=2) |+-------------+-------------+| 5 | 5 |+-------------+-------------+
需要注意count只不会统计null的列,0的会统计
mysql> select 1 or null as or1,1 and null as and1 ,0 and null as and0 ,0 or null as null0;+------+------+------+-------+| or1 | and1 | and0 | null0 |+------+------+------+-------+| 1 | NULL | 0 | NULL |+------+------+------+-------+
mysql> select id=1 ,id=2 from test;+------+------+| id=1 | id=2 |+------+------+| 1 | 0 || 1 | 0 || 0 | 1 || 0 | 1 || 0 | 1 |+------+------+
要把0值变为null,count时不计算即可
mysql> select count(id=1) ,count(id=2) from test;+-------------+-------------+| count(id=1) | count(id=2) |+-------------+-------------+| 5 | 5 |+-------------+-------------+mysql> select id=1 or null,id=2 or null from test;+--------------+--------------+| id=1 or null | id=2 or null |+--------------+--------------+| 1 | NULL || 1 | NULL || NULL | 1 || NULL | 1 || NULL | 1 |+--------------+--------------+
所以正确的写法是
mysql> select count(id=1 or null),count(id=2 or null) from test;+---------------------+---------------------+| count(id=1 or null) | count(id=2 or null) |+---------------------+---------------------+| 2 | 3 |+---------------------+---------------------+1 row in set (0.00 sec)
select id,count(id) from test where id in(1,2) GROUP BY id
常数与null的运算
DROP TABLE IF EXISTS `test1`;CREATE TABLE `test1` ( `id` int(11) DEFAULT NULL, `a` int(11) DEFAULT NULL, `b` int(11) DEFAULT NULL) ENGINE=MyISAM DEFAULT CHARSET=latin1;-- ------------------------------ Records of test1-- ----------------------------INSERT INTO `test1` VALUES ('1', '5', '1');INSERT INTO `test1` VALUES ('2', '6', null);INSERT INTO `test1` VALUES ('3', '4', '2');INSERT INTO `test1` VALUES ('4', '7', null);INSERT INTO `test1` VALUES ('5', null, null);
查询 id,a-b的数量(剩余计算)
错误写法
mysql> SELECT id ,(a-b) as remain from test1;+------+--------+| id | remain |+------+--------+| 1 | 4 || 2 | NULL || 3 | 2 || 4 | NULL || 5 | NULL |+------+--------+
正确写法
mysql> SELECT id ,(IFNULL(a,0)-IFNULL(b,0)) as remain from test1;+------+--------+| id | remain |+------+--------+| 1 | 4 || 2 | 6 || 3 | 2 || 4 | 7 || 5 | 0 |+------+--------+