目录
多任务并行协作
任务串行执行
结果组合运算
thenCombine和thenCompose
thenAcceptBoth和runAfterBoth
acceptEither、runAfterEither和applyToEither
java9的改进
总结
CompletableFuture是java8引入的一个异步类,它最大的优势是可以在创建的对象中传入一个回调对象,在任务结束后(done或throw exception),自动调用回调对象的回调方法,而不用让主线程阻塞。
假如我们要做咖啡,有3个子任务可以并行执行:洗杯子、磨咖啡、烧水,这3步完成后,我们开始泡咖啡。这种需求我们一般怎么实现呢?
下面我们看一下,使用Future是怎么完成这个功能的。
先定义一个线程池:
public class MyThreadPoolExecutor { public static ExecutorService getThreadPoolExecutor(){ return ThreadPoolExecutorFactory.THREAD_POOL; } private static class ThreadPoolExecutorFactory{ private static int PROCESSOR_NUM = Runtime.getRuntime().availableProcessors(); private static final ExecutorService THREAD_POOL = new ThreadPoolExecutor(PROCESSOR_NUM, PROCESSOR_NUM + 1, 10, TimeUnit.SECONDS, new LinkedBlockingDeque<>(100)); } }
我们再来看看使用Future制作咖啡的过程,我们把每个步骤都用一个线程来执行,必须等待前面三步都执行完成后,我们才能开始泡咖啡
public class MakeTea { public static void main(String[] args){ ExecutorService executor = MyThreadPoolExecutor.getThreadPoolExecutor(); List<Future> list = new ArrayList<>(3); list.add(executor.submit(() -> washCup())); list.add(executor.submit(() -> hotWater())); list.add(executor.submit(() -> grindCoffee())); while (true){ int i = 0; for (Future future : list){ if (future.isDone()){ i ++; } } if (i == list.size()){ break; } } executor.submit(() -> System.out.println("泡咖啡")); System.out.println("我是主线程"); } private static String washCup(){ System.out.println("洗杯子"); return "洗杯子"; } private static String hotWater(){ System.out.println("烧水"); return "烧水"; } private static String grindCoffee(){ System.out.println("磨咖啡"); return "磨咖啡"; } }
上面的代码创建3个线程后,因为等待执行结果,阻塞了主线程,等3个步骤都执行完成,主线程才能执行。输出如下:
洗杯子 烧水 磨咖啡 我是主线程 泡咖啡
如果我们使用CompletableFuture来写,要怎么实现呢?代码如下:
public static void main(String[] args){ ExecutorService executor = MyThreadPoolExecutor.getThreadPoolExecutor(); CompletableFuture future1 = CompletableFuture.runAsync(() -> { try { washCup(); } catch (InterruptedException e) { e.printStackTrace(); } }, executor); CompletableFuture future2 = CompletableFuture.runAsync(() -> { try { hotWater(); } catch (InterruptedException e) { e.printStackTrace(); } }, executor); CompletableFuture future3 = CompletableFuture.runAsync(() -> { try { grindCoffee(); } catch (InterruptedException e) { e.printStackTrace(); } }, executor); CompletableFuture.allOf(future1, future2, future3).thenAccept( r -> { System.out.println("泡咖啡"); } ); System.out.println("我是主线程"); }
上面代码输出结果如下,可以看到主线程并没有被阻塞
我是主线程 洗杯子 烧水 磨咖啡 泡咖啡
上面的示例是多个任务之间的调度,最后一个任务必须等之前的3个任务都完成后(allOf),才能执行。如果前面3个任务只有一个完成最后一个任务就可以执行,那就用anyOf方法,把上面代码中allOf改成anyOf,其他代码不变,执行结果如下:
我是主线程 洗杯子 泡咖啡 烧水 磨咖啡
注意:
1.anyOf方法返回的是Object对象而不是Void,这是跟allOf的一个很大的区别,我们要配置异常情况的回调对象,在allOf创建的CompletableFuture中是不可以的。看下面代码
CompletableFuture<Object> future4 = CompletableFuture.anyOf(future1, future2, future3); future4.thenApply( r -> { System.out.println("泡咖啡"); return null; } ); future4.exceptionally(e -> { e.printStackTrace(); return null; });
2.supplyAsync和runAsync区别是前者创建的是CompletableFuture<U>,后者创建的是CompletableFuture<Void>
CompletableFuture也支持任务串行执行,后面的任务依赖前面任务的执行结果。我们再举一个做果汁的例子,我们分串行三步: 洗水果 —> 切水果 -> 榨汁,看如下代码
public static void main(String[] args) throws InterruptedException { ExecutorService executor = MyThreadPoolExecutor.getThreadPoolExecutor(); CompletableFuture<String> future1 = CompletableFuture.supplyAsync(() -> washFruit(), executor); CompletableFuture<String> future2 = future1.thenApplyAsync(r -> StringUtils.isBlank(r) ? null : cutFruit()); future2.thenApplyAsync(r -> StringUtils.isBlank(r) ? null : juicing()); //为了主线程不立刻退出,以便查看结果 Thread.sleep(100); } private static String washFruit() { System.out.println(Thread.currentThread().getName()); System.out.println("洗水果"); return "洗水果"; } private static String cutFruit() { System.out.println(Thread.currentThread().getName()); System.out.println("切水果"); return "切水果"; } private static String juicing() { System.out.println(Thread.currentThread().getName()); System.out.println("榨汁"); return "榨汁"; }
上面main函数执行后输出:
pool-1-thread-1 洗水果 ForkJoinPool.commonPool-worker-1 切水果 ForkJoinPool.commonPool-worker-1 榨汁
上面的代码就是一个串行执行的任务,这儿除了thenApply,还有thenAccept(Consumer<? super T> action)和thenRun(Runnable action),这2个方法都不返回执行结果。
注意:上面方法中,thenApply、thenAccept、thenRun都有一个对应的Async方法,区别在于Async方法会从线程池中拿线程执行,而不带Async的方法在当前线程执行。所以如果上面代码中thenApplyAsync换成thenApply,执行结果如下:
pool-1-thread-1 洗水果 pool-1-thread-1 切水果 pool-1-thread-1 榨汁
thenCombine用于组合2个CompletableFuture,对结果进行运算
thenCompose把第一个CompletableFuture的结果放到第二个CompletableFuture中进行运算
下面2段代码都是输出110
ExecutorService executor = MyThreadPoolExecutor.getThreadPoolExecutor(); CompletableFuture<Integer> future1 = CompletableFuture.supplyAsync(() -> 10, executor); CompletableFuture<Integer> future2 = future1.thenCompose(r -> CompletableFuture.supplyAsync(() -> r + 100)); System.out.println(future2.get());
ExecutorService executor = MyThreadPoolExecutor.getThreadPoolExecutor(); CompletableFuture<Integer> future1 = CompletableFuture.supplyAsync(() -> 10, executor); CompletableFuture<Integer> future2 = CompletableFuture.supplyAsync(() -> 100, executor); CompletableFuture<Integer> future3 = future1.thenCombineAsync(future2, (x, y) -> x + y); System.out.println(future3.get());
上面的组合方法其实用上一节讲的串行执行也可以完成,见如下代码
ExecutorService executor = MyThreadPoolExecutor.getThreadPoolExecutor(); CompletableFuture<Integer> future1 = CompletableFuture.supplyAsync(() -> 10, executor); CompletableFuture<Integer> future2 = future1.thenApplyAsync(r -> r + 100); System.out.println(future2.get());
thenAcceptBoth用于对前面2个线程的结果进行组合运算,下面代码输出110
ExecutorService executor = MyThreadPoolExecutor.getThreadPoolExecutor(); CompletableFuture<Integer> future1 = CompletableFuture.supplyAsync(() -> 10, executor); CompletableFuture<Integer> future2 = CompletableFuture.supplyAsync(() -> 100, executor); CompletableFuture<Void> future3 = future1.thenAcceptBoth(future2, (x, y) -> System.out.println(x + y));
runAfterBoth用于等待前面2个线程之后执行第三个线程
ExecutorService executor = MyThreadPoolExecutor.getThreadPoolExecutor(); CompletableFuture<Void> future1 = CompletableFuture.runAsync(() -> System.out.println("线程1"), executor); CompletableFuture<Void> future2 = CompletableFuture.runAsync(() -> System.out.println("线程2"), executor); CompletableFuture<Void> future3 = future1.runAfterBothAsync(future2, () -> System.out.println("线程3"));
上面代码输出:
线程1 线程2 线程3
这三个方法只取组合线程中执行最快的一个结果,看下面代码:
public static void main(String[] args) { CompletableFuture<String> f1 = CompletableFuture.supplyAsync(()-> getTask1()); CompletableFuture<String> f2 = CompletableFuture.supplyAsync(() -> getTask2()); CompletableFuture<String> f3 = f1.applyToEither(f2,s -> s); System.out.println(f3.join());//输出task2 CompletableFuture<String> f4 = CompletableFuture.supplyAsync(()-> getTask1()); CompletableFuture<String> f5 = CompletableFuture.supplyAsync(() -> getTask2()); CompletableFuture<Void> f6 = f4.runAfterEither(f5, () -> System.out.println("task3")); f6.join();//输出task3 CompletableFuture<String> f7 = CompletableFuture.supplyAsync(()-> getTask1()); CompletableFuture<String> f8 = CompletableFuture.supplyAsync(() -> getTask2()); CompletableFuture<Void> f9 = f8.acceptEither(f7, s -> System.out.println(s)); f9.join();//输出task2 } private static String getTask1(){ try { Thread.currentThread().sleep(2000); return "task1"; } catch (InterruptedException e) { e.printStackTrace(); return null; } } private static String getTask2(){ try { Thread.currentThread().sleep(1000); return "task2"; } catch (InterruptedException e) { e.printStackTrace(); return null; } }
同样注意:上面7个方法都存在对应的Async方法,会从线程池中取线程来执行。
1.可以设置超时时间,超时后给一个默认值,比如下面代码输出100
public static void main(String[] args){ ExecutorService executor = MyThreadPoolExecutor.getThreadPoolExecutor(); CompletableFuture<Integer> future1 = CompletableFuture.supplyAsync(() -> getNum(), executor); future1.completeOnTimeout(100, 3000, TimeUnit.MILLISECONDS); System.out.println(future1.get()); } private static Integer getNum() { try { Thread.currentThread().sleep(50000); } catch (InterruptedException e) { e.printStackTrace(); } return 10; }
2.增加public static <U> CompletableFuture<U> failedFuture(Throwable ex),跟public static <U> CompletableFuture<U> completedFuture(U value)配对,前者创建一个指定给定值的CompletableFuture,后者创建一个指定异常的CompletableFuture
3.增加了public static <U> CompletionStage<U> completedStage(U value)和public static <U> CompletionStage<U> failedStage(Throwable ex),这2个方法返回CompletableFuture的继承类MinimalStage
4.增加了public Executor defaultExecutor()和public <U> CompletableFuture<U> newIncompleteFuture(),可以让子类自己去实现
CompletableFuture类对多线程调度的支持还是挺强大的,本文主要介绍了一些常用的方法,对于其他方法,大家可以查看api或者CompletionStage接口中定义的方法选择使用。
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