基本用法

用法：

在下次 DOM 更新循环结束之后执行延迟回调。在修改数据之后立即使用这个方法，获取更新后的 DOM。

引用官网例子

// 修改数据
vm.msg = 'Hello'
// DOM 还没有更新
Vue.nextTick(function () {
  // DOM 更新了
})

// 作为一个 Promise 使用 (2.1.0 起新增，详见接下来的提示)
Vue.nextTick()
  .then(function () {
    // DOM 更新了
  })

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源码对比

vue 2.6.10

src/core/util/next-tick.js

/* @flow */
/* globals MutationObserver */

import { noop } from 'shared/util'
import { handleError } from './error'
import { isIE, isIOS, isNative } from './env'

export let isUsingMicroTask = false

const callbacks = []
let pending = false
// 微任务 函数数组依次执行
function flushCallbacks () {
  pending = false
  const copies = callbacks.slice(0)
  callbacks.length = 0
  for (let i = 0; i < copies.length; i++) {
    copies[i]()
  }
}

// Here we have async deferring wrappers using microtasks.
// In 2.5 we used (macro) tasks (in combination with microtasks).
// However, it has subtle problems when state is changed right before repaint
// (e.g. #6813, out-in transitions).
// Also, using (macro) tasks in event handler would cause some weird behaviors
// that cannot be circumvented (e.g. #7109, #7153, #7546, #7834, #8109).
// So we now use microtasks everywhere, again.
// A major drawback of this tradeoff is that there are some scenarios
// where microtasks have too high a priority and fire in between supposedly
// sequential events (e.g. #4521, #6690, which have workarounds)
// or even between bubbling of the same event (#6566).
let timerFunc

// The nextTick behavior leverages the microtask queue, which can be accessed
// via either native Promise.then or MutationObserver.
// MutationObserver has wider support, however it is seriously bugged in
// UIWebView in iOS >= 9.3.3 when triggered in touch event handlers. It
// completely stops working after triggering a few times... so, if native
// Promise is available, we will use it:
/* istanbul ignore next, $flow-disable-line */

// 检测 Promise 是否原生支持
if (typeof Promise !== 'undefined' && isNative(Promise)) {
  const p = Promise.resolve()
  timerFunc = () => {
    p.then(flushCallbacks)
    // In problematic UIWebViews, Promise.then doesn't completely break, but
    // it can get stuck in a weird state where callbacks are pushed into the
    // microtask queue but the queue isn't being flushed, until the browser
    // needs to do some other work, e.g. handle a timer. Therefore we can
    // "force" the microtask queue to be flushed by adding an empty timer.
    if (isIOS) setTimeout(noop)
  }
  isUsingMicroTask = true
  
  // 判断是否支持 MutationObserver
} else if (!isIE && typeof MutationObserver !== 'undefined' && (
  isNative(MutationObserver) ||
  // PhantomJS and iOS 7.x
  MutationObserver.toString() === '[object MutationObserverConstructor]'
)) {
  // Use MutationObserver where native Promise is not available,
  // e.g. PhantomJS, iOS7, Android 4.4
  // (#6466 MutationObserver is unreliable in IE11)
  let counter = 1
  const observer = new MutationObserver(flushCallbacks)
  const textNode = document.createTextNode(String(counter))
  observer.observe(textNode, {
    characterData: true
  })
  timerFunc = () => {
    counter = (counter + 1) % 2
    textNode.data = String(counter)
  }
  isUsingMicroTask = true
  // 判断是否支持 setImmediate
} else if (typeof setImmediate !== 'undefined' && isNative(setImmediate)) {
  // Fallback to setImmediate.
  // Technically it leverages the (macro) task queue,
  // but it is still a better choice than setTimeout.
  timerFunc = () => {
    setImmediate(flushCallbacks)
  }
} else {
// 以上都不支持 最后使用 setTimeout 替代
  // Fallback to setTimeout.
  timerFunc = () => {
    setTimeout(flushCallbacks, 0)
  }
}

export function nextTick (cb?: Function, ctx?: Object) {
  let _resolve
  callbacks.push(() => {
    if (cb) {
      try {
        cb.call(ctx)
      } catch (e) {
        handleError(e, ctx, 'nextTick')
      }
    } else if (_resolve) {
      _resolve(ctx)
    }
  })
  if (!pending) {
    pending = true
    timerFunc()
  }
  // $flow-disable-line
  if (!cb && typeof Promise !== 'undefined') {
    return new Promise(resolve => {
      _resolve = resolve
    })
  }
}


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vue3

路径 packages/runtime-core/src/scheduler.ts

export function nextTick(fn?: () => void): Promise<void> {
  return fn ? p.then(fn) : p
}

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分析总结

通过对比可以看出，vue2 的nextTick 源码做了很多浏览器的版本兼容， 依次通过以下方法监听和执行微任务队列

1. Promise

2. MutationObserver 监听dom更改

3. setImmediate

4. setTimeout

从上到下的顺序依次检测，如果不考虑一些低版本浏览器的兼容，Promise就可以完全实现 所以vue3的源码直接使用了Promise,使用js引擎本身的任务调用机制实现dom更新后调用。

引用阮一峰老师的javascript 异步运行机制的讲解

异步执行的运行机制如下。（同步执行也是如此，因为它可以被视为没有异步任务的异步执行。）

（1）所有同步任务都在主线程上执行，形成一个执行栈（execution context stack）。

（2）主线程之外，还存在一个"任务队列"（task queue）。只要异步任务有了运行结果，就在"任务队列"之中放置一个事件。

（3）一旦"执行栈"中的所有同步任务执行完毕，系统就会读取"任务队列"，看看里面有哪些事件。那些对应的异步任务，于是结束等待状态，进入执行栈，开始执行。

（4）主线程不断重复上面的第三步。

个人分析总结观点：

dom更新，同步js执行等都是在主线程进行的，等主线程执行完毕，异步任务才会执行，所以nextTick就在 js引擎执行执行完主任务后，才被调用，上面Promise，MutationObserver，setImmediate，setTimeout 都是在不同情境下为了产生异步任务而设置的。

欢迎探讨不同观点，共同进步~